// ============================================================
// FILE: theory/pathology/part2-pathology/flash-pyq.js
// SUBJECT: Pathology | CHAPTER: complete | DECK: Flash PYQ
// ============================================================

var CARDS_Microbiology_CNSMicrobiology_FlashPYQ2 = [

  {
    "q": "50 years male alcoholic presented with jaundice. How will you investigate this patient? What is the effect of alcohol on liver? Morphology and clinical features and complications of alcoholic liver disease.",
    "a": "LFT, GGT, USG, biopsy. Steatosis→hepatitis→cirrhosis. Mallory hyaline, fatty change, fibrosis. Complications: cirrhosis, HCC, portal HTN."
  },
  {
    "q": "55 years female presented with a hard lump in the right breast. Enlist the risk factors. Describe the molecular classification, pathogenesis and morphology of the above condition. Add a note on prognostic factors.",
    "a": "Risk: age, BRCA, estrogen exposure. Molecular: Luminal A/B, HER2+, Triple negative. Prognostic: grade, size, nodes, ER/PR/HER2, Ki-67."
  },
  {
    "q": "35 years female presented with fever with rigors, urine examination revealed plenty of pus cells and granular cast. What is the pathogenesis of this condition?",
    "a": "Acute pyelonephritis. Ascending infection, E.coli, neutrophilic infiltration tubules/interstitium, abscess formation."
  },
  {
    "q": "50 years male smoker C/o dyspnea his PET revealed FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.5. He had barrel shaped chest. What is your diagnosis? What is the etiology and pathogenesis for this disease?",
    "a": "COPD/Emphysema. Smoking, protease-antiprotease imbalance, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, elastin destruction, alveolar wall loss."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 years female with lytic lesion in distal Ulna and X-ray revealed soap bubble appearance. What is your diagnosis? Morphology of this condition.",
    "a": "Giant cell tumor of bone. Osteoclast-like giant cells, mononuclear stromal cells, epiphyseal, eccentric."
  },
  {
    "q": "What is the role of pap smear in cancer screening?",
    "a": "Cervical cancer screening. Detects dysplasia/CIN, Bethesda system, cost-effective, reduces mortality."
  },
  {
    "q": "55 years male C/o weight loss and dyspepsia, endoscopy revealed an ulcerative lesion antrum. What is your diagnosis? Describe the morphologic classification and microscopic findings.",
    "a": "Gastric carcinoma. Borrmann classification, intestinal vs diffuse (Lauren), signet ring cells, linitis plastica."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 years female presented with diarrhea, weight loss, protruding eye balls and thyromegaly. What is the pathogenesis and morphology of the above condition?",
    "a": "Graves' disease. TSH-receptor antibody, hyperplasia, scalloped colloid, lymphocytic infiltrate, exophthalmos (GAG deposition)."
  },
  {
    "q": "Role of FNAC in diagnosis of breast lump.",
    "a": "Minimally invasive, rapid diagnosis, differentiate benign/malignant, guides management, Thy/B categorization."
  },
  {
    "q": "40 years male presented with testicular mass. What is your differential Diagnosis? Draw the microscope findings is this condition.",
    "a": "Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, lymphoma. Sheets of uniform cells, lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrous septa (seminoma)."
  },
  {
    "q": "Meningiomas.",
    "a": "Arachnoid cap cells, whorls, psammoma bodies, dural attachment, benign mostly."
  },
  {
    "q": "Physical examination findings in urine. What are the clinical conditions you can diagnose with physical examination of urine?",
    "a": "Color, turbidity, specific gravity, odor. Diagnoses: hematuria, jaundice, UTI, diabetes, dehydration."
  },
  {
    "q": "45 years old male, known smoker and alcoholic with complaints of chest pain presented to the emergency ward. His ECG was abnormal. What is your diagnosis? Write in detail about pathogenesis and morphology of the disease. Write a note on the investigations needed.",
    "a": "MI. Atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, coagulative necrosis. Investigations: Troponin, CK-MB, ECG, echo."
  },
  {
    "q": "55 years female presented to the surgical OP with complaints of swelling in Right side breast, on examination the swelling was hard and fixed. Needle core biopsy was taken. What is your diagnosis and classify the lesion? Write about the morphology and prognostic factors of the lesion.",
    "a": "Invasive ductal carcinoma. Classify: NST, lobular, medullary, mucinous, tubular. Prognostic: grade, size, nodes, ER/PR/HER2."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 Years male with recurrent history of cough and sneezing, without fever. Cough relieved after taking bronchodilators. What could be the cause and write about the pathogenesis and morphology.",
    "a": "Bronchial asthma. Type I hypersensitivity, IgE-mast cell, bronchospasm. Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals, mucus plugging."
  },
  {
    "q": "40 years obese female complaints of severe abdominal pain radiating to the right shoulder. Ultrasound was done and she was advised Cholecystectomy by the surgeon. What is your diagnosis and write in detail about the condition.",
    "a": "Cholelithiasis (cholecystitis). Cholesterol/pigment stones, 4F's, biliary colic, Murphy's sign."
  },
  {
    "q": "Diabetic microangiopathy.",
    "a": "Basement membrane thickening, hyaline arteriolosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy."
  },
  {
    "q": "Enumerate the Etiopathogenesis and morphological features of CROHN'S Disease.",
    "a": "Autoimmune, genetic (NOD2), transmural, skip lesions, cobblestone, granulomas, fissuring ulcers, terminal ileum."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about the pathomorphology of peptic ulcer disease.",
    "a": "H. pylori, NSAIDs. Punched-out ulcer, clean base, layers: necrosis, inflammation, granulation, fibrosis."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe about Wilson's disease.",
    "a": "ATP7B gene, copper accumulation, liver/brain/eye, Kayser-Fleischer ring, cirrhosis."
  },
  {
    "q": "25 Years female presented with midline swelling neck, FNAC showed a cystic malignant neoplasm and admitted for surgery. What is your diagnosis and write about the nuclear findings of the lesion.",
    "a": "Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Orphan Annie eye nuclei, nuclear grooves, psammoma bodies, pseudoinclusions."
  },
  {
    "q": "80 years male presented with history of dysuria and urgency of urine. USG shows enlarged prostate with increased PSA level. What are the morphological findings in this condition?",
    "a": "BPH. Nodular hyperplasia, transition zone, glandular + stromal proliferation, corpora amylacea."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe about the classification and pathomorphology of Teratoma ovary.",
    "a": "Mature (benign, cystic, all 3 layers), Immature (malignant, neural elements), Monodermal (struma ovarii, carcinoid)."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe about pathophysiology and morphology of Ewing's sarcoma.",
    "a": "t(11;22) EWS-FLI1, small round blue cells, diaphysis, onion-skin periosteal reaction, PAS+ glycogen."
  },
  {
    "q": "50 years male presented with polyuria, polydipsia his Hba1c was 8.2. He also had oliguria and puffiness of face. What is your diagnosis? What is the pathogenesis of the underlying disease and its complications? What are the investigations required to confirm?",
    "a": "Diabetic nephropathy (Type 2 DM). Hyperglycemia, glycation, hyperfiltration, GBM thickening. Ix: HbA1c, urine albumin, RFT."
  },
  {
    "q": "15 years male presented with lytic lesion lower end of femur. X-Ray revealed codman's triangle and sun ray appearance. What is your diagnosis? What are the genetic alterations associated with this condition? Describe the morphology of this lesion. Classify bone tumors and add a note on imaging findings in various bone tumors.",
    "a": "Osteosarcoma. RB1, TP53 mutations. Malignant osteoid, pleomorphic cells. Classify: bone-forming, cartilage-forming, fibrous, round cell (Ewing's)."
  },
  {
    "q": "50 years male sudden death, autopsy of the heart revealed gray white area in left ventricle. What is the diagnosis? What are the morphological changes in heart during autopsy to identify the age of lesion?",
    "a": "Myocardial infarction. <24h no change, 1-3d coagulative necrosis+neutrophils, 3-7d macrophages, weeks granulation/fibrosis."
  },
  {
    "q": "55 years male chronic smoker had persistent productive cough for 3 months. He had similar episode last year too. In which group of disorders you will categorize them. Write briefly about the pathogenesis & morphology.",
    "a": "Chronic bronchitis (COPD). Reid index increased, mucous gland hyperplasia, goblet cell metaplasia, smoking-induced."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 years male presented with yellowish discolouration of conjunctiva. He had history of blood transfusion (Multiple units) in the recent few months following RTA as an emergency. How will you investigate the patient?",
    "a": "Transfusion-associated Hepatitis (HBV/HCV). Ix: LFT, HBsAg, anti-HCV, HCV RNA, liver biopsy."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 years male presented with heart burns and dyspepsia. A breath test and biopsy were ordered to confirm the diagnosis. What is your diagnosis? Write about the morphology and complications of this disease.",
    "a": "GERD/H.pylori gastritis. Chronic active gastritis, intestinal metaplasia. Complications: ulcer, Barrett's esophagus, MALT lymphoma."
  },
  {
    "q": "What is the role of ascitic fluid cytology in diagnosis?",
    "a": "Detects malignant cells, TB, cirrhosis differentiation, SAAG calculation, transudate/exudate."
  },
  {
    "q": "15 years female presented with unilateral ovarian mass. Gross examination of the mass revealed hair in it. What is your diagnosis? What is the morphology. It belongs to which group of ovarian lesions. Enumerate the other lesions in this group.",
    "a": "Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst). Skin, hair, teeth, sebaceous material. Group: Germ cell tumors - dysgerminoma, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma."
  },
  {
    "q": "45/male presented with cauliflower like growth in the penis? He also had multiple inguinal nodes. What is your diagnosis? Describe the microscopic appearance. What are the preneoplastic conditions?",
    "a": "Squamous cell carcinoma penis. Keratin pearls, invasive nests. Preneoplastic: Bowen's disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat, HPV."
  },
  {
    "q": "Role of urine chemical examinations for proteins in diagnosis.",
    "a": "Dipstick, 24h urine protein. Diagnoses: nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, preeclampsia, myeloma (Bence Jones)."
  },
  {
    "q": "20 years female presented with solitary thyroid nodule. Microscopy revealed Orphan Annie appearance of nuclei. What is your diagnosis? Describe the Morphology of this condition.",
    "a": "Papillary carcinoma thyroid. Orphan Annie nuclei, grooves, psammoma bodies, papillary architecture."
  },
  {
    "q": "Name two benign breast diseases. Write about the morphology of both the diseases.",
    "a": "Fibroadenoma (biphasic, stag-horn ducts) and Fibrocystic change (cysts, apocrine metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis)."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 60 years old male smoker, presented to OPD with complaints of altered bowel habits with bleeding per rectum and abdominal pain. Patient was referred to surgical oncologist and he suggested endoscopic biopsy. What is your probable diagnosis? Write in detail about etiopathogenesis and morphology of this lesion.",
    "a": "Colorectal carcinoma. APC-KRAS-TP53 pathway, adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Napkin-ring lesion, gland-forming adenocarcinoma."
  },
  {
    "q": "18 years old male visited ortho OPD with complaints of pain and swelling around right knee for past 3 months. On evaluation, X-ray showed ill defined lesion at the distal end of femur and increased levels of alkaline phosphatase in blood. Biopsy was taken. What is your probable diagnosis? Write in detail about the etiology and patho-morphology of the lesion. Comment about the radiological features of this lesion.",
    "a": "Osteosarcoma. RB1/TP53 mutation, malignant osteoid production. Radiology: Codman's triangle, sunburst appearance."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathological findings in Chronic pyelonephritis.",
    "a": "Coarse corticomedullary scarring, blunted calyces, thyroidization tubules, lymphocytic infiltrate."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathomorphology of Atherosclerosis.",
    "a": "Fatty streak→fibrous plaque→complicated plaque. Foam cells, lipid core, fibrous cap, calcification."
  },
  {
    "q": "Importance and applications of FNAC in thyroid lesions.",
    "a": "First-line, differentiates benign/malignant, Bethesda system, avoids unnecessary surgery."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe in detail about the renal complications of Diabetes mellitus.",
    "a": "Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson), diffuse glomerulosclerosis, papillary necrosis, pyelonephritis, arteriolosclerosis."
  },
  {
    "q": "Prognostic factors of Breast carcinoma.",
    "a": "Tumor size, grade, LN status, ER/PR/HER2, Ki-67, lymphovascular invasion, molecular subtype."
  },
  {
    "q": "Mixed Parotid tumor.",
    "a": "Pleomorphic adenoma. Epithelial + myoepithelial + mesenchymal-like stroma, chondromyxoid matrix, capsule with satellite nodules."
  },
  {
    "q": "Classification of Hodgkin lymphoma. Write in detail about microscopic features of Nodular sclerosis variant.",
    "a": "Classify: NS, MC, LR, LD, NLPHL. NS: broad collagen bands, lacunar cells, nodular pattern."
  },
  {
    "q": "MEN syndrome.",
    "a": "MEN1 (parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas), MEN2A (medullary thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid), MEN2B (+mucosal neuromas, marfanoid)."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 10 years old male child presented to pediatric OPD with complaints of fever for the last 10 days with projectile vomiting and irritable mood. What is your diagnosis? What are the mandatory investigations needed to diagnose this condition?",
    "a": "Meningitis. Ix: CSF analysis (cells, protein, glucose), CSF culture, Gram stain, blood culture, CT/MRI."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about the morphology and complications of lobar pneumonia.",
    "a": "4 stages: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution. Complications: abscess, empyema, organization, sepsis."
  },
  {
    "q": "55/M presented with epigastric mass, vomiting and loss of weight. On examination he was anaemic and emaciated. He was advised endoscopic biopsy. What is the etiology and pathogenesis of the above condition? Discuss the gross and microscopic features of the condition. Discuss the clinical course.",
    "a": "Gastric carcinoma. H.pylori, diet, CDH1 mutation. Intestinal vs diffuse type, signet ring cells, linitis plastica."
  },
  {
    "q": "50 years female presented with foul smelling vaginal discharge. Speculum examination revealed an irregular polyploidy growth in the cervix. What is your diagnosis? Describe the etiopathogenesis and morphologic types of the above condition? What is the screening protocol followed and how will you classify lesions based on screening.",
    "a": "Cervical carcinoma. HPV E6/E7-p53/Rb. Exophytic/ulcerative/infiltrative. Screening: Pap smear, Bethesda system (ASC-US to HSIL)."
  },
  {
    "q": "25 years male presented with headache, convulsions, CSF analysis revealed plenty of neutrophils. What is your diagnosis? Enumerate the differential diagnosis and CSF findings for the above clinical presentation.",
    "a": "Bacterial meningitis. DDx: viral, TB, fungal meningitis. CSF: bacterial-neutrophils/low glucose; viral-lymphocytes/normal glucose; TB-lymphocytes/low glucose/high protein."
  },
  {
    "q": "52 years male had a post prandial blood glucose value of 230 mg/dl. Urine examination revealed protein 2+. What is the pathogenesis of the above condition?",
    "a": "Diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycemia→glycation→GBM thickening→hyperfiltration→mesangial expansion→Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules→proteinuria."
  },
  {
    "q": "40 years male who was an alcoholic presented with hematemesis imaging revealed nodules in the liver. What is the cause of hematmesis? What are the complications of above condition?",
    "a": "Esophageal varices (portal HTN from cirrhosis). Complications: variceal bleed, ascites, encephalopathy, HCC, SBP."
  },
  {
    "q": "Differential diagnosis for altered bowel habits (Alternate constipation and diarrhea) in a 40 years old male.",
    "a": "IBS, colorectal carcinoma, IBD (UC/Crohn's), diverticular disease, hyperthyroidism."
  },
  {
    "q": "52 years male presented with a raised nodule with ulceration above the left eyebrow. What is the morphology and microscopy of the clinical case? What is the clinical behavior of this condition?",
    "a": "Basal cell carcinoma. Pearly nodule, telangiectasia, palisading peripheral nuclei. Locally invasive, rarely metastasizes."
  },
  {
    "q": "25 years female presented with a lump in the breast in the upper outer quadrant, which was mobile? Discuss the gross and microscopic features of this condition.",
    "a": "Fibroadenoma. Well-circumscribed, gray-white, biphasic - epithelial + stromal, pericanalicular/intracanalicular pattern."
  },
  {
    "q": "40 years male working at a construction site on investigation showed Lung nodularity in chest X-ray. This condition belongs to which group of lung disease? What is the morphology?",
    "a": "Silicosis (Pneumoconiosis). Silicotic nodules, whorled collagen, birefringent particles, upper lobe predominance."
  },
  {
    "q": "Classify jaundice according to etiology and how will you approach a case of jaundice to establish the etiology.",
    "a": "Pre-hepatic (hemolysis), Hepatic (hepatitis, cirrhosis), Post-hepatic (obstruction). Approach: LFT, USG, viral markers, imaging."
  },
  {
    "q": "Polyps of small intestine.",
    "a": "Hyperplastic, adenomatous, hamartomatous (Peutz-Jeghers), inflammatory, lipoma. Peutz-Jeghers: STK11 mutation, mucocutaneous pigmentation."
  },
  {
    "q": "How will you investigate a case of proteinuria in 25 years female?",
    "a": "Urine dipstick, 24h protein, urine microscopy, ACR, RFT, ANA, renal biopsy if needed."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 50 years old male presents with cough, dyspnea, intermittent hemoptysis for two months along with loss of weight and appetite. He is a chronic smoker for the past three decades. CT chest revealed mass lesion in the right lobe of lung. What is your probable diagnosis? Discuss in detail the classification, morphological features and the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with it.",
    "a": "Lung carcinoma. Classify: SCC, Adenocarcinoma, Small cell, Large cell. Paraneoplastic: SIADH, Cushing's, hypercalcemia, Eaton-Lambert, clubbing."
  },
  {
    "q": "30 year old male with the testicular mass and increased PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase). What is your diagnosis? Write in detail gross and microscopy, classification of testicular tumors.",
    "a": "Seminoma. Classify: Germ cell (seminoma, embryonal, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma, teratoma) vs Sex cord-stromal. Sheets uniform cells, fibrous septa, lymphocytes."
  },
  {
    "q": "Enumerate the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease.",
    "a": "UC: continuous, rectum, mucosal, pseudopolyps, no granuloma. Crohn's: skip lesions, transmural, cobblestone, granulomas, fistula."
  },
  {
    "q": "Histopathological features and genetic defects in Osteosarcoma.",
    "a": "RB1, TP53, MDM2/CDK4 amplification. Pleomorphic cells, malignant osteoid, atypical mitoses."
  },
  {
    "q": "Prognostic factors, types and morphological features of carcinoma of breast.",
    "a": "Types: NST, lobular, medullary, mucinous. Prognostic: grade, size, nodes, ER/PR/HER2, LVI, Ki-67."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathogenesis and morphological changes of lung in Tuberculosis.",
    "a": "Ghon focus, hypersensitivity granuloma, caseous necrosis, Langhans giant cells, cavitation."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about etiopathogenesis, complications of Dilated Cardiomyopathy.",
    "a": "Idiopathic, alcohol, viral myocarditis, genetic. Complications: CHF, arrhythmia, mural thrombus, embolism."
  },
  {
    "q": "Classify salivary gland neoplasm and write about mixed tumor of salivary gland.",
    "a": "Benign: pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's. Malignant: mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic. Mixed tumor: epithelial+myoepithelial+chondromyxoid stroma."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about cystic lesions of liver.",
    "a": "Simple cysts, polycystic liver disease, hydatid cyst (Echinococcus), biliary cystadenoma."
  },
  {
    "q": "Etiopathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of cholelithiasis.",
    "a": "Cholesterol stones (obesity, estrogen), pigment stones (hemolysis). 4F's, biliary colic, cholecystitis."
  },
  {
    "q": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome.",
    "a": "E.coli O157:H7 (Shiga toxin), triad: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ARF, schistocytes."
  },
  {
    "q": "Liquid based cytology.",
    "a": "ThinPrep, better cell preservation, less obscuring, allows HPV co-testing, reduces inadequate smears."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 55-year-old female complaints of polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss for 2 months. She has frequent urinary tract infections. Her random blood sugar level is 340 mg/dl and urine glucose and protein tests are positive. What is the most probable diagnosis? What are the types? Describe the pathophysiology, morphology and complications associated with it.",
    "a": "Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2). Types: T1DM (autoimmune), T2DM (insulin resistance). Complications: nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, macrovascular."
  },
  {
    "q": "30-year-old female presented with acute abdominal pain. USG revealed mass of ovary with decreased blood flow. What is your diagnosis? Classify the ovarian tumours. Write in detail gross and microscopy and types of ovarian teratoma. Write a note on complications of ovarian tumors.",
    "a": "Ovarian torsion (dermoid cyst). Classify: epithelial, germ cell, sex cord-stromal. Teratoma: mature/immature/monodermal. Complications: torsion, rupture, malignant transformation."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 25-year-old female presented with difficulty to use her hip. X-ray revealed mass in epiphysis of femur with sun burst appearance. What's the diagnosis and describe in detail about etiopathogenesis, morphology and outcome of the lesion.",
    "a": "Osteosarcoma (epiphyseal - note atypical site, consider Giant cell tumor too). RB1/TP53. Malignant osteoid. Poor prognosis if untreated."
  },
  {
    "q": "Role of FNAC in Thyroid lesions.",
    "a": "First-line investigation, Bethesda system, differentiate benign/malignant, guides surgery decision."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about diagnosis, features, sites and complications of Ectopic pregnancy.",
    "a": "Beta-hCG, USG (no intrauterine sac). Sites: fallopian tube (ampulla commonest). Complications: rupture, hemorrhage, shock."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathogenesis and features of Flea-bitten kidney.",
    "a": "Malignant hypertension. Petechial hemorrhages on renal surface, fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles."
  },
  {
    "q": "Clinical and morphological features of Phyllodes tumour.",
    "a": "Leaf-like architecture, hypercellular stroma, biphasic, can be benign/borderline/malignant, rapid growth."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about Gross and microscopic findings in papillary carcinoma of thyroid.",
    "a": "Gross: irregular, gray-white. Micro: papillae, Orphan Annie nuclei, grooves, psammoma bodies."
  },
  {
    "q": "Microscopic findings in CSF in various types of meningitis.",
    "a": "Bacterial: neutrophils, low glucose, high protein. Viral: lymphocytes, normal glucose. TB: lymphocytes, low glucose, high protein, cobweb."
  },
  {
    "q": "Types of aneurysms, vessels commonly involved and complications associated with it.",
    "a": "Types: true (fusiform/saccular), false, dissecting. Vessels: aorta, cerebral (berry). Complications: rupture, thrombosis, embolism."
  },
  {
    "q": "What is Metaplasia? Describe in detail about its association in lung and GIT lesions.",
    "a": "Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another. Lung: squamous metaplasia (smoking). GIT: Barrett's esophagus (columnar)."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathogenesis and morphological findings in chronic Pyelonephritis.",
    "a": "Recurrent infection/VUR/obstruction. Coarse scarring, blunted calyces, thyroidization of tubules."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 12-year-old boy presented with fever, oliguria and high coloured urine. He had sore throat three weeks back. Mention the probable diagnosis. Describe the etiopathogenesis of the condition. List the relevant investigations.",
    "a": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Immune complex deposition, subepithelial humps. Ix: ASO titer, C3 low, urinalysis, renal biopsy."
  },
  {
    "q": "35-year-old male with painless firm testicular swelling, with loss of Testicular Sensation. Mention the probable diagnosis? Discuss classification, etiopathogenesis and morphology of the above condition.",
    "a": "Testicular tumor (seminoma). Classify: germ cell vs sex cord-stromal. Cryptorchidism risk factor. Uniform cells, lymphocytic infiltrate."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe about etiopathogenesis and morphology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.",
    "a": "Autoimmune, anti-TPO/anti-thyroglobulin Ab. Lymphocytic infiltrate, germinal centers, Hurthle cell change."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 15-year-old boy with complaints of mass near the Right knee joint for 2 months. X-Ray shows Codman triangle in the distal femur. What is the diagnosis? Write about etiopathogenesis and morphology of the condition?",
    "a": "Osteosarcoma. RB1/TP53 mutations. Malignant osteoid, pleomorphic cells, Codman's triangle, sunburst appearance."
  },
  {
    "q": "Gross and microscopic features of Phyllodes tumor.",
    "a": "Bulky, leaf-like pattern gross. Micro: hypercellular stroma, stromal overgrowth, variable atypia."
  },
  {
    "q": "Write about the morphology of ulcerative colitis.",
    "a": "Continuous, rectum upward, mucosal/submucosal, pseudopolyps, crypt abscess, no granuloma."
  },
  {
    "q": "Lobar pneumonia.",
    "a": "4 stages: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution. S. pneumoniae common."
  },
  {
    "q": "Describe multi-step carcinogenesis in colon cancer.",
    "a": "APC mutation→KRAS mutation→TP53 loss. Normal→adenoma→carcinoma sequence."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathogenesis and morphology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.",
    "a": "Sarcomeric gene mutations (beta-myosin heavy chain). Myocyte disarray, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, sudden death risk."
  },
  {
    "q": "A 20 years old female with history of 3 months amenorrhea complaints of spontaneous bleeding PV. USG shows a mass composed of multiple cystic structures within the endometrial cavity. What is your diagnosis? Write about the Karyotyping and morphology of the condition.",
    "a": "Hydatidiform mole (Complete mole). Karyotype 46,XX (paternal only). Grape-like vesicles, hydropic villi, trophoblastic hyperplasia."
  },
  {
    "q": "Discuss the Etiopathogenesis and morphology of malignant melanoma.",
    "a": "UV exposure, BRAF mutation. Radial then vertical growth phase, atypical melanocytes, Breslow thickness prognostic."
  },
  {
    "q": "Morphology of Chronic active viral hepatitis.",
    "a": "Piecemeal necrosis, portal/periportal inflammation, bridging necrosis, fibrosis progression."
  },
  {
    "q": "4-year male child with complaints of proteinuria, no hematuria, no hypertension. Electron microscopy shows diffuse effacement of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells. What is the probable diagnosis? Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features for the above diagnosis.",
    "a": "Minimal Change Disease. Idiopathic, T-cell mediated. EM: foot process effacement, normal light microscopy. Steroid-responsive."
  },
  {
    "q": "18-year male who has come to the hospital for swelling and pain in the right knee for 2 months. X-ray shows sunburst pattern and Codman's triangle. What is your diagnosis? Morphological (Gross and microscopic) features. Histological variants of the lesion.",
    "a": "Osteosarcoma. Malignant osteoid, pleomorphic cells. Variants: osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic."
  },
  {
    "q": "Bronchiectasis.",
    "a": "Permanent dilation of bronchi, recurrent infection, obstruction. Causes: CF, infections, immotile cilia."
  },
  {
    "q": "Urolithiasis.",
    "a": "Calcium oxalate (most common), struvite, uric acid, cystine stones. Hydronephrosis, obstruction, hematuria."
  },
  {
    "q": "Aneurysmal bone cyst.",
    "a": "Blood-filled cystic spaces, USP6 rearrangement, eccentric metaphyseal, soap-bubble appearance."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pheochromocytoma.",
    "a": "Adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, catecholamine secretion, Rule of 10s, MEN2 association."
  },
  {
    "q": "Adult polycystic kidney disease.",
    "a": "PKD1/PKD2 mutation, autosomal dominant, bilateral cysts, hepatic cysts, berry aneurysm association."
  },
  {
    "q": "Cushing's syndrome.",
    "a": "Excess cortisol, pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)/ectopic ACTH/adrenal tumor. Moon face, buffalo hump, striae."
  },
  {
    "q": "Peptic ulcer disease.",
    "a": "H. pylori, NSAIDs. Punched-out ulcer, layers: necrosis-inflammation-granulation-fibrosis."
  },
  {
    "q": "Sarcoidosis.",
    "a": "Non-caseating granulomas, unknown etiology, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, elevated ACE levels."
  },
  {
    "q": "Phyllodes tumor.",
    "a": "Leaf-like pattern, hypercellular stroma, benign/borderline/malignant spectrum, rapid growth."
  },
  {
    "q": "Cryptorchidism.",
    "a": "Undescended testis, infertility risk, malignancy risk (seminoma), needs orchidopexy."
  },
  {
    "q": "60-year male patient presented with complaints of yellowish skin colouration, swelling in the lower legs, abdominal distension and fatigue. History of alcohol use for 18 years. USG revealed nodularity of liver. What is the probable diagnosis? Pathogenesis, morphology and complications of underlying condition.",
    "a": "Alcoholic cirrhosis. Steatosis→hepatitis→fibrosis→cirrhosis. Regenerative nodules, bridging fibrosis. Complications: portal HTN, HCC, ascites, encephalopathy."
  },
  {
    "q": "Define Nephritic syndrome. Discuss the causes of nephritic syndrome. Describe the pathogenesis and morphology of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.",
    "a": "Hematuria, oliguria, HTN, mild proteinuria. Causes: PSGN, MPGN, IgA nephropathy. MPGN: immune complex deposition, tram-track appearance, mesangial proliferation."
  },
  {
    "q": "Infective Endocarditis.",
    "a": "Bacterial vegetations on valves, Strep viridans/Staph aureus, friable vegetations, embolic phenomena, Osler nodes."
  },
  {
    "q": "Hirschsprung's disease.",
    "a": "Absence of ganglion cells (Auerbach/Meissner plexus), RET mutation, rectosigmoid, functional obstruction, megacolon."
  },
  {
    "q": "Pathogenesis and morphology of Aneurysm of Aorta.",
    "a": "Atherosclerosis (abdominal), cystic medial degeneration (thoracic, Marfan's). Weakened wall, dilation, rupture risk."
  },
  {
    "q": "Meningiomas.",
    "a": "Arachnoid cap cells, whorls, psammoma bodies, dural-based, benign mostly."
  },
  {
    "q": "Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN).",
    "a": "HPV-related dysplasia, graded I-III by epithelial thickness involvement, precursor to cervical cancer."
  },
  {
    "q": "Gross and microscopic features of Hashimoto thyroiditis.",
    "a": "Gross: enlarged, pale, firm. Micro: lymphocytic infiltrate, germinal centers, Hurthle cell metaplasia."
  },
  {
    "q": "Morphology of seminoma.",
    "a": "Gray-white, lobulated, sheets of uniform cells, clear cytoplasm, fibrous septa, lymphocytic infiltrate."
  },
  {
    "q": "Basal cell carcinoma.",
    "a": "Sun-exposed skin, pearly nodule, telangiectasia, palisading peripheral nuclei, locally invasive."
  },
  {
    "q": "Oncocytoma.",
    "a": "Renal tumor, eosinophilic cells (mitochondria-rich), central stellate scar, benign."
  },
  {
    "q": "Gross and microscopic features of Benign cystic teratoma.",
    "a": "Unilocular cyst, hair/sebaceous material, teeth. Micro: skin, adnexal structures, all 3 germ layers."
  }
]