// ============================================================ // FILE: js/data/theory/pathology/central-nervous-system/mcqs.js // SUBJECT: Pathology | CHAPTER: CNS Disorders | DECK: MCQs // ============================================================ var CARDS_Pathology_CNSDisorders_Mcqs = [ { "q": "Opsonisation and phagocytosis is promoted by\nA. C3a\nB. C3b\nC. C3d\nD. C2a", "a": "B. C3b\n\nC3b binds microbial surfaces and is recognized by CR1 receptors on phagocytes, promoting opsonisation.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Initiators of inflammation in sepsis are signalling pathways which lie downstream of\nA. TNFα\nB. TNFβ\nC. Toll like receptors\nD. IFN-γ", "a": "C. Toll like receptors\n\nTLRs recognize microbial PAMPs (e.g. LPS) and trigger NF-κB mediated inflammatory signalling in sepsis.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022", "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "The metabolic derangement in progressive stage of shock includes\nA. Hyponatremia\nB. Hypokalemia\nC. Alkalosis\nD. Acidosis", "a": "D. Acidosis\n\nTissue hypoperfusion causes anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid buildup, producing metabolic acidosis.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Aortic dissection is not associated with\nA. Alport syndrome\nB. Ehler's Danlos Syndrome\nC. Marfan syndrome\nD. Turner's syndrome", "a": "A. Alport syndrome\n\nAlport syndrome is a collagen IV disorder affecting the kidney/ear/eye, not linked to aortic wall weakness like the others.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Trisomy 21 carries a higher risk of developing\nA. Hydrops fetalis\nB. Acute leukemias\nC. Colonic rupture\nD. Meckel's diverticulum", "a": "B. Acute leukemias\n\nDown syndrome carries a 10-20 fold increased risk of acute leukemia, especially AML (megakaryoblastic) and ALL.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "NK Cell inhibitory receptors recognise\nA. Class I MHC molecules\nB. Class II MHC molecules\nC. Toll like receptors\nD. IFN-γ", "a": "A. Class I MHC molecules\n\nNK inhibitory receptors sense normal self Class I MHC; its absence (as in virus-infected/tumour cells) triggers NK killing.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "The combination of HLA Allele in each individual is called\nA. Prototype\nB. Haplotype\nC. Diplotype\nD. Tetratype", "a": "B. Haplotype\n\nThe set of HLA alleles inherited together on one chromosome is termed a haplotype.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Serum sickness is the prototype of\nA. Type I hypersensitivity\nB. Type II hypersensitivity\nC. Type III hypersensitivity\nD. Type IV hypersensitivity", "a": "C. Type III hypersensitivity\n\nSerum sickness is caused by circulating immune complex deposition, the classic Type III hypersensitivity reaction.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "A tumour is called clonal, when the incurred genetic damage is in\nA. Multiple precursor cells\nB. Single precursor cell\nC. Stem cells\nD. Hetrogenous cells", "a": "B. Single precursor cell\n\nClonality means the whole tumour arises from a single precursor cell that acquired the initiating genetic damage.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "ALK is a\nA. Cyclin receptor\nB. Tyrosine kinase receptor\nC. CDK receptor\nD. RB receptor", "a": "B. Tyrosine kinase receptor\n\nALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) is a receptor tyrosine kinase, commonly activated by translocation in lung cancer/ALCL.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "H.pylori is associated with development of\nA. Gastric adenocarcinomas\nB. Gastric lymphomas\nC. GIST\nD. Gastric sarcomas", "a": "A. Gastric adenocarcinomas\n\nChronic H. pylori gastritis is a well-established risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma (as well as MALT lymphoma).", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Cerebral calcifications, cerebral atrophy, ventricular enlargements and hypoplastic cerebral structures were the most common adverse outcomes seen in\nA. Corona virus\nB. Polio virus\nC. Zika virus\nD. Ebola virus", "a": "C. Zika virus\n\nCongenital Zika syndrome classically causes microcephaly with intracranial calcifications and cerebral atrophy.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Miliary tuberculosis occurs when bacteria disseminate through\nA. Systemic arterial system\nB. Systemic venous system\nC. Lymphatics\nD. Direct spread", "a": "A. Systemic arterial system\n\nBacilli enter the pulmonary vein and are pumped via the systemic arterial circulation to seed multiple organs simultaneously.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "The pathognomonic feature so common in Anorexia nervosa seen in the bone marrow is\nA. Gelatinous transformation\nB. Hypercellular marrow\nC. Marrow fibrosis\nD. Depleted marrow", "a": "A. Gelatinous transformation\n\nStarvation causes gelatinous transformation of marrow - loss of fat cells and hematopoietic tissue replaced by gelatinous ground substance.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022", "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Immune hydrops is due to\nA. Parvovirus B19\nB. Turner syndrome\nC. Monozygous Twin pregnancies\nD. ABO incompatibility", "a": "D. ABO incompatibility\n\nImmune hydrops results from maternal alloantibodies (Rh/ABO) causing fetal hemolysis; Parvovirus causes non-immune hydrops.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022", "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Most T-ALL have mutations in\nA. NOTCH1\nB. NOTCH2\nC. NOTCH3\nD. NOTCH4", "a": "A. NOTCH1\n\nActivating NOTCH1 mutations are found in over 50% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "The sufficient number in absolute lymphocytosis to fulfil the diagnostic requirement in CLL is\nA. > 2000/cu.mm\nB. > 3000/cu.mm\nC. > 4000/cu.mm\nD. >5000/cu.mm", "a": "D. >5000/cu.mm\n\nDiagnosis of CLL requires a sustained absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count of at least 5000/cu.mm.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells are as large as\nA. 25µm\nB. 30µm\nC. 35µm\nD. 45µm", "a": "D. 45µm\n\nClassic diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells are large binucleate/multinucleate cells that can measure up to 45µm.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "Sickle cell trait is protective against\nA. Filaria\nB. Falciparum Malaria\nC. Leishmania\nD. Trypanosmiasis", "a": "B. Falciparum Malaria\n\nHbS heterozygotes have a survival advantage against P. falciparum malaria due to impaired parasite growth in sickled cells.", "asked": [ "Mar 2022" ] }, { "q": "HbH Disease is caused by deletion of\nA. One α-globin gene\nB. Two α-globin genes\nC. Three α-globin genes\nD. Four α-globin genes", "a": "C. Three α-globin genes\n\nHbH disease results from deletion of 3 of the 4 alpha-globin genes, leaving excess beta chains that form HbH (β4).", "asked": [ "Mar 2022", "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Damage to nuclear DNA triggers this pathway\nA. WNT signalling\nB. P53\nC. AKT signalling\nD. Ubiquitin", "a": "B. P53\n\np53 is activated by DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle to allow repair, or triggers apoptosis if damage is irreparable.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Atrophy is decreased protein synthesis due to\nA. Ubiquitin proteosome pathway\nB. WNT signalling\nC. AKT pathway\nD. P53", "a": "A. Ubiquitin proteosome pathway\n\nAtrophy involves increased protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway along with reduced synthesis.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Neutrophil extracellular traps are mainly produced by\nA. Chemical carcinogens\nB. Infectious pathogens\nC. Parasites\nD. Radiation insult", "a": "B. Infectious pathogens\n\nNETs are released by neutrophils primarily in response to infectious pathogens (especially bacteria) to trap and kill microbes.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The most important cytokine for synthesis of connective tissue proteins is\nA. MMPs\nB. VEGF\nC. TGF-β\nD. IL-1", "a": "C. TGF-β\n\nTGF-β is the key fibrogenic cytokine that stimulates fibroblast collagen and connective tissue protein synthesis.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022", "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Heparin induced Thrombocytopenia syndrome is due to administration of\nA. Unfractionated Heparin\nB. Fractionated Heparin\nC. LMW Heparin\nD. Thrombin", "a": "A. Unfractionated Heparin\n\nHIT is more common and more severe with unfractionated heparin than with LMW heparin.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Which of these diseases listed is a X-Linked disorder\nA. Tay sach's disease\nB. Duchenne muscular dystrophy\nC. Cystic fibrosis\nD. Haemophilia A", "a": "B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy\n\nDuchenne muscular dystrophy follows X-linked recessive inheritance due to dystrophin gene mutations.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for\nA. HDL\nB. VLDL\nC. LDL\nD. Chylomicrons", "a": "C. LDL\n\nFamilial hypercholesterolemia is caused by defective/absent LDL receptors, impairing LDL clearance from plasma.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "FISH uses one of the following probes for recognising sequences in a chromosomal region\nA. RNA\nB. DNA\nC. CGH Probes\nD. SNP Probes", "a": "B. DNA\n\nFISH uses fluorescently labelled DNA probes that hybridize to complementary chromosomal DNA sequences.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Class II MHC present antigens derived from\nA. Extracellular microbes\nB. Intracellular microbes\nC. Cytoplasmic proteins\nD. Tumour antigens", "a": "A. Extracellular microbes\n\nClass II MHC presents exogenous/extracellular antigens taken up by APCs via the endosomal pathway to CD4+ T cells.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "In Acute antibody mediated Rejection antibodies bind to\nA. CD3+ cells\nB. CD2+ cells\nC. Vascular endothelium\nD. Tissue epithelium", "a": "C. Vascular endothelium\n\nIn acute antibody-mediated rejection, donor-specific antibodies target graft vascular endothelium, causing vasculitis/thrombosis.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The direct cytopathic effect of the replicating HIV results in\nA. Loss of CD8+ cells\nB. Loss of CD4+ cells\nC. Raised CD4+ cells\nD. Raised CD8+ cells", "a": "B. Loss of CD4+ cells\n\nHIV replication directly kills infected CD4+ helper T cells, progressively depleting the CD4+ count.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "A sentinel lymph node is defined as\nA. First node in a regional lymphatic basin receiving lymph flow from the primary tumour\nB. First node in another regional lymphatic basin receiving lymph flow from the primary tumour\nC. Second node in a regional lymphatic basin receiving lymph flow from the primary tumour\nD. Second node in another regional lymphatic basin receiving lymph flow from the primary tumour", "a": "A. First node in a regional lymphatic basin receiving lymph flow from the primary tumour\n\nThe sentinel node is the first lymph node in the tumour's own regional lymphatic basin to receive lymphatic drainage.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The downstream pathway components of RAS in cancer cells include\nA. WNT\nB. NOTCH\nC. MAPK\nD. INK", "a": "C. MAPK\n\nRAS signals through the RAF-MEK-MAPK (ERK) cascade to drive cell proliferation.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The UV portion of the solar spectrum which is carcinogenic is\nA. UVA\nB. UVB\nC. UVC\nD. Ozone portion", "a": "B. UVB\n\nUVB directly damages DNA (pyrimidine dimers) and is the main carcinogenic component responsible for skin cancers.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "EBV is associated with\nA. X-Linked agammaglobulinemia\nB. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma\nC. Leukemia\nD. Melanomas", "a": "B. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma\n\nEBV is strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as well as Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022", "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "The novel covid-19 virus is\nA. SARS-CoV-1\nB. SARS-CoV-2\nC. SARS-CoV-3\nD. SARS-CoV-4", "a": "B. SARS-CoV-2\n\nThe COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Meyers-kouwenaar bodies are seen in\nA. Malaria\nB. Filaria\nC. Leishmania\nD. Taenia", "a": "B. Filaria\n\nMeyer-Kouwenaar bodies (degenerated microfilarial fragments) are seen in blood smears in filarial infection.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The photochemical reaction for the endogenous production of 7-dehydrocholesterol requires solar UV Light in the range of\nA. 290-315nm\nB. 320-360nm\nC. 370-400nm\nD. 410-425nm", "a": "A. 290-315nm\n\nUVB in the 290-315nm range converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D3.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The commonest age group of children affected by Teratoma is\nA. 0-4 yrs\nB. 5-9 yrs\nC. 10-14 yrs\nD. 12-14yrs", "a": "A. 0-4 yrs\n\nTeratomas in children most commonly present in early childhood, within the 0-4 year age group (including sacrococcygeal teratoma at birth).", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "The diagnosis of AML requires atleast\nA. 50% blasts in bone marrow\nB. 40% blasts in bone marrow\nC. 30% blasts in bone marrow\nD. 20% blasts in bone marrow", "a": "D. 20% blasts in bone marrow\n\nWHO criteria define AML as ≥20% myeloid blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood.", "asked": [ "Aug 2022" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following is true about intravascular hemolysis?\nA. Increased haptoglobin levels\nB. Splenomegaly\nC. Hemosiderinuria\nD. Seen in thalassemia", "a": "C. Hemosiderinuria\n\nIntravascular hemolysis releases free hemoglobin, which is filtered and reabsorbed by renal tubules, causing hemosiderinuria.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "One of the following is an example of genomic imprinting\nA. Angelman syndrome\nB. Hurler syndrome\nC. Tay sachs disease\nD. Fragile X syndrome", "a": "A. Angelman syndrome\n\nAngelman syndrome results from loss of the maternally-imprinted active allele on chromosome 15, a classic genomic imprinting disorder.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "All of the following are examples of C-C chemokines except\nA. Monocyte chemoattractant protein\nB. Eotaxin\nC. Macrophage inflammatory protein\nD. Lymphotactin", "a": "D. Lymphotactin\n\nLymphotactin is a C-chemokine (single cysteine), unlike the others which are C-C chemokines.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Myasthenia gravis is an example of which of the following type of hypersensitivity?\nA. Type IV\nB. Type III\nC. Type II\nD. Type I", "a": "C. Type II\n\nAnti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies mediate Type II hypersensitivity in myasthenia gravis.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "The major fibril protein associated with hemodialysis associated amyloidosis is\nA. AA\nB. AL\nC. Aβ2m\nD. ATTR", "a": "C. Aβ2m\n\nDialysis-related amyloidosis is caused by accumulation of beta-2 microglobulin (Aβ2m), which is not cleared by standard dialysis membranes.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Which tumour suppressor gene is called as Governor of proliferation?\nA. TP53\nB. CDKN2A\nC. APC\nD. Rb gene", "a": "D. Rb gene\n\nThe Rb gene is termed the 'governor' of the cell cycle/proliferation as it controls the G1-to-S phase checkpoint.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Consider the following statements and choose the best answer:\n(i) Microcytic hypochromic red blood cells are seen in iron deficiency anemia and in Thalassemia\n(ii) Bone marrow iron levels are high in both iron deficiency anemia and Thalassemia\n(iii) Total iron binding capacity is increased in iron deficiency anemia and Thalassemia\n(iv) Fetal haemoglobin level is normal in iron deficiency anemia and increased in Thalassemia\nA. All of the above are true\nB. i, ii and iii are true\nC. i and ii are true\nD. i,iii and iv are true", "a": "D. i,iii and iv are true\n\nBoth conditions show microcytic hypochromic cells (i), TIBC changes (iii) and HbF is normal in IDA but raised in thalassemia (iv), as per the official answer key.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "The pathognomonic feature common in Anorexia nervosa seen in the bone marrow is\nA. Gelatinous transformation\nB. Hypercellular marrow\nC. Marrow fibrosis\nD. Depleted marrow", "a": "A. Gelatinous transformation\n\nStarvation causes gelatinous transformation of marrow, with loss of fat cells and hematopoietic tissue.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Immune hydrops is due to\nA. Parvovirus B19\nB. Turner syndrome\nC. Monozygous Twin pregnancies\nD. ABO incompatibility", "a": "D. ABO incompatibility\n\nImmune hydrops results from maternal alloimmunization (Rh/ABO); Parvovirus causes non-immune hydrops.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following syndromes is not associated with Wilms tumour?\nA. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome\nB. WAGR syndrome\nC. Turner syndrome\nD. Denys drash syndrome", "a": "C. Turner syndrome\n\nTurner syndrome is not part of the classic Wilms tumour-associated syndrome triad (WAGR, Denys-Drash, Beckwith-Wiedemann).", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following is not seen in myelodysplastic syndrome?\nA. Dutcher bodies\nB. Pawn ball megakaryocytes\nC. Ringed sideroblasts\nD. Pseudo pelger huet cells", "a": "A. Dutcher bodies\n\nDutcher bodies (intranuclear immunoglobulin inclusions) are seen in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, not MDS.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "JAK 2 mutations is seen in\nA. CML\nB. Polycythemia vera\nC. Burkitts lymphoma\nD. Acute myeloid leukemia", "a": "B. Polycythemia vera\n\nJAK2 V617F mutation is characteristic of the classic myeloproliferative neoplasms, especially polycythemia vera.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "All of the following are functional disorders of platelets except\nA. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura\nB. Von willebrand disease\nC. Glanzmann thromboasthenia\nD. Bernard soulier syndrome", "a": "A. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura\n\nITP is a quantitative platelet disorder (destruction/low count), not a qualitative/functional platelet defect.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Anti apoptotic gene are all except\nA. Bcl- 2\nB. Bcl X\nC. Bax\nD. MCL 1", "a": "C. Bax\n\nBax is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, unlike Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 which are anti-apoptotic.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Maltese cross appearance in RBC is seen in\nA. Plasmodium falciparum\nB. Wuchereria bancrofti\nC. Taenia solium\nD. Babesia microti", "a": "D. Babesia microti\n\nBabesia forms a tetrad arrangement of merozoites within RBCs producing the classic Maltese cross appearance.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "All of the following are manifestations in the eye due to vitamin A deficiency except\nA. Bitots spots\nB. Central cataract\nC. Keratomalacia\nD. Corneal ulcer", "a": "B. Central cataract\n\nCentral cataract is not a recognized feature of vitamin A deficiency, unlike Bitot spots, keratomalacia and corneal ulceration.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Libman Sacks endocarditis is seen in\nA. SLE\nB. Staphylococcus septicaemia\nC. Systemic sclerosis\nD. Carcinoid heart disease", "a": "A. SLE\n\nLibman-Sacks (verrucous) endocarditis is a classic non-bacterial finding in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "Zika virus is transmitted through\nA. Culex\nB. Aedes\nC. Anopheles\nD. Mansonia", "a": "B. Aedes\n\nZika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the same vector as dengue and chikungunya.", "asked": [ "Feb 2023" ] }, { "q": "The chief protein component of intrinsic defect seen in Heriditary Spherocytosis is\nA. Ubiquitin\nB. Spectrin\nC. Tropomyosin\nD. Actin", "a": "B. Spectrin\n\nHereditary spherocytosis is classically caused by a deficiency of the membrane cytoskeletal protein spectrin (or ankyrin).", "asked": [ "Jul 2023", "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "The type mutations involved in beta thalessemia is\nA. Driver mutation\nB. Transgenic mutation\nC. Splicing mutation\nD. Reverse mutation", "a": "C. Splicing mutation\n\nBeta thalassemia is commonly caused by point mutations affecting splice sites (splicing mutations) of the beta-globin gene.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "PIGA gene is acquired in PNH as\nA. X linked\nB. Autosomal Dominant\nC. Autosomal Recessive\nD. Y linked", "a": "A. X linked\n\nThe PIGA gene, mutated as an acquired somatic defect in PNH, is located on the X chromosome.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Tay Sach's disease caused by inability to metabolise\nA. Glucokinase\nB. Fructokinase\nC. GM2gangliosides\nD. GM3gangliosides", "a": "C. GM2gangliosides\n\nHexosaminidase A deficiency in Tay-Sachs disease prevents breakdown of GM2 gangliosides, which accumulate in neurons.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Klinefelter's syndrome shows elevated levels of\nA. Testosterone\nB. FSH\nC. LH\nD. Estrogen", "a": "B. FSH\n\nPrimary testicular failure in Klinefelter syndrome causes low testosterone with compensatory elevated FSH (and LH).", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Turner's syndrome carry the risk of development of the following tumour\nA. Neuroblastoma\nB. Hepatoblastoma\nC. Gonadoblastoma\nD. Ganglioneuroma", "a": "C. Gonadoblastoma\n\nDysgenetic gonads in Turner syndrome (especially with Y chromosome material) carry increased risk of gonadoblastoma.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "The most effective Antigen presenting cells(APCs) are\nA. Dendritic cells\nB. Neutrophils\nC. Lymphocytes\nD. NK cells", "a": "A. Dendritic cells\n\nDendritic cells are the most potent professional APCs, essential for priming naive T cells.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "The mediators produced by the Mast cells are responsible for\nA. Type I hypersensitivity\nB. Type II hypersensitivity\nC. Type III hypersensitivity\nD. Type IV hypersensitivity", "a": "A. Type I hypersensitivity\n\nMast cell degranulation (histamine, leukotrienes) mediates the immediate Type I hypersensitivity reaction.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Among the genes known to be associated with autoimmunity, the greatest contribution is from\nA. RB gene\nB. BRAF gene\nC. HLA gene\nD. IL23R gene", "a": "C. HLA gene\n\nHLA genes contribute the largest share of genetic risk for most autoimmune diseases.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Smith antigen (Sm) is associated with\nA. Sjogren syndrome\nB. Rheumatoid arthritis\nC. Systemic sclerosis\nD. SLE", "a": "D. SLE\n\nAnti-Smith (Sm) antibody is a highly specific serological marker for SLE.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Acute cellullar rejection involves killing of cells by\nA. CD 2+\nB. CD 3+\nC. CD 8+\nD. CD 10+", "a": "C. CD 8+\n\nCD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly kill graft cells in acute cellular rejection.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "HHV 8 genome is found in the following cell of infected subjects\nA. T- cell\nB. B- cell\nC. Neutrophil\nD. Monocyte", "a": "B. B- cell\n\nHHV-8 (KSHV) establishes latency in B cells and is linked to primary effusion lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Driver mutations are\nA. Loss of function\nB. Passenger mutations\nC. Initiating mutations\nD. Repeat mutations", "a": "C. Initiating mutations\n\nDriver mutations confer a growth/survival advantage and initiate or drive tumorigenesis, unlike incidental passenger mutations.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "The governor of the cell cycle is\nA. BRAF gene\nB. CDK4 gene\nC. Cyclin D gene\nD. RB gene", "a": "D. RB gene\n\nThe RB gene product restrains the G1-to-S transition and is termed the governor of the cell cycle.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Warburg effect is\nA. Anerobic glycolysis\nB. Aerobic glycolysis\nC. Oxidative phosphorylation\nD. gluconeogenesis", "a": "B. Aerobic glycolysis\n\nThe Warburg effect describes cancer cells preferentially using aerobic glycolysis for energy even when oxygen is available.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Acute promyelocytic Leukemia is a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 15 and 17 causing a fusion gene\nA. BCR-ABL\nB. C-myc IGH\nC. PML-RARα\nD. FLI-EWSR", "a": "C. PML-RARα\n\nAPL is defined by t(15;17) producing the PML-RARα fusion gene, targeted by ATRA therapy.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Polio virus infects human cells by binding to\nA. CD4\nB. CD8\nC. CD117\nD. CD155", "a": "D. CD155\n\nPoliovirus enters cells via the poliovirus receptor CD155 (PVR).", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "A low CD4 count before starting ART is an important risk factor for the development of\nA. Leprosy\nB. Tuberculosis\nC. Mucor\nD. Aspergillosis", "a": "B. Tuberculosis\n\nLow CD4 counts predispose HIV patients to tuberculosis, which can also unmask as IRIS after starting ART.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "The fat burning molecule is\nA. Ghrelin\nB. Insulin\nC. Adiponectin\nD. Leptin", "a": "C. Adiponectin\n\nAdiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, earning it the label 'fat burning molecule'.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "The chromosomal anomalies associated with fetal hydrops is\nA. 45X\nB. 47XXY\nC. Trisomy 13\nD. Trisomy 22", "a": "A. 45X\n\nTurner syndrome (45X) is classically associated with non-immune fetal hydrops due to lymphatic obstruction.", "asked": [ "Jul 2023" ] }, { "q": "Pap smear used for screening of Carcinoma of cervix is\nA. Fine needle aspiration cytology\nB. Fluid cytology\nC. Exfoliative cytology\nD. Immunocytochemistry", "a": "C. Exfoliative cytology\n\nThe Pap smear collects surface exfoliated cervical cells, making it an exfoliative cytology technique.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "The technique which detects multiple cellular antigens on an individual cell simultaneously\nA. Immunohistochemistry\nB. Immunocytochemistry\nC. Flow cytometry\nD. Frozen section", "a": "C. Flow cytometry\n\nFlow cytometry uses multiple fluorochrome-labelled antibodies to detect several antigens on single cells simultaneously.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "CASPASES involved in execution pathway\nA. CASPASE 8\nB. CASPASE 9\nC. CASPASE 5\nD. CASPASE 6", "a": "D. CASPASE 6\n\nCaspase 6 (along with 3 and 7) is an executioner caspase that carries out the final apoptotic execution phase.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Chronic granulomatous inflammation is seen in\nA. Sarcoidosis\nB. Diptheria\nC. Typhoid\nD. Atherosclerosis", "a": "A. Sarcoidosis\n\nSarcoidosis is a classic example of chronic granulomatous inflammation with non-caseating granulomas.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "The cell involved in allergies and parasitic infections\nA. Lymphocytes\nB. Monocytes\nC. Eosinophils\nD. Plasma cells", "a": "C. Eosinophils\n\nEosinophils are central effector cells in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "The primary function of the following gene is to promote Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)\nA. P53\nB. TWIST\nC. APC\nD. CEA", "a": "B. TWIST\n\nTWIST is a transcription factor that drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition, promoting invasion and metastasis.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Colour of group sera 'B'\nA. Blue\nB. Yellow\nC. Red\nD. Colourless", "a": "B. Yellow\n\nBy blood banking convention, anti-B typing serum is colour-coded yellow.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Mantle cell lymphoma is commonly associated with the following translocation\nA. t(11:14)\nB. t(14:18)\nC. t(9:22)\nD. t(8:14)", "a": "A. t(11:14)\n\nMantle cell lymphoma is characterized by t(11;14) causing cyclin D1 (BCL1) overexpression.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Red cell distribution width (RDW) is used for estimation of\nA. Poikilocytosis\nB. Anisocytosis\nC. Hypochromasia\nD. Macrocytosis", "a": "B. Anisocytosis\n\nRDW quantifies the variation in red cell size, i.e., anisocytosis.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "If the patient is on parenteral heparin therapy the following test is used to monitor the administration\nA. Whole blood coagulation time\nB. Prothrombin time\nC. Thrombin time\nD. Activated Partial Thromboplastin time", "a": "D. Activated Partial Thromboplastin time\n\nUnfractionated heparin therapy is monitored using the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Eosinophils are activated by\nA. lL-1\nB. lL-4\nC. ll-5\nD. lL-6", "a": "C. ll-5\n\nIL-5 is the key cytokine for eosinophil growth, differentiation, and activation.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "D-Dimer is the most sensitive diagnostic test for\nA. Pulmonary embolism\nB. Acute pulmonary Oedema\nC. Cardiac tamponade\nD. Acute myocardial infarction", "a": "A. Pulmonary embolism\n\nD-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, is highly sensitive (though not specific) for pulmonary embolism/DVT.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Trisomy 13 is identified as\nA. Edward syndrome\nB. Patau syndrome\nC. Down syndrome\nD. Klinfelter syndrome", "a": "B. Patau syndrome\n\nTrisomy 13 is known as Patau syndrome.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "In Marfan syndrome the defect is in\nA. Fibrillin I\nB. Fibrillin II\nC. Collagen\nD. Elastin", "a": "A. Fibrillin I\n\nMarfan syndrome is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin-1, a key extracellular matrix glycoprotein.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Harmartoma is\nA. Proliferation of cells in foreign site\nB. Proliferation of native cells in tissue\nC. Malignant conditions\nD. Acquired conditions", "a": "B. Proliferation of native cells in tissue\n\nA hamartoma is a disorganized but benign overgrowth of tissue elements normally native to that site.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Sure sign of malignancy is\nA. Metastasis\nB. Hyperplasia\nC. Metaplasia\nD. Hypertrophy", "a": "A. Metastasis\n\nMetastasis is the only feature listed that is an unequivocal, definitive marker of malignancy.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Krukenberg tumour is associated with which malignancy\nA. Stomach\nB. Liver\nC. Pancreas\nD. Kidney", "a": "A. Stomach\n\nKrukenberg tumour classically refers to bilateral ovarian metastases from a primary gastric (signet ring cell) carcinoma.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Acute graft rejection occurs within\nA. 3 minute\nB. 3 hours\nC. 3 days\nD. 3 months", "a": "C. 3 days\n\nAcute rejection typically develops over days to weeks after transplantation, distinct from hyperacute rejection (minutes).", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "LE cell phenomenon is seen in\nA. Lymphocyte\nB. Monocyte\nC. Neutrophils\nD. Eosinophils", "a": "C. Neutrophils\n\nThe LE cell is a neutrophil that has phagocytosed the denatured nuclear material of another cell, classically seen in SLE.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Anaemia in humans can be caused by which of the following worms\nA. Round worm\nB. Hook worm\nC. Tape worm\nD. Pork worm", "a": "B. Hook worm\n\nHookworms attach to the intestinal mucosa and cause chronic blood loss, leading to iron deficiency anemia.", "asked": [ "Feb 2024" ] }, { "q": "Schistosoma hematobium causes\nA. Lung cancer\nB. Hepatocellular carcinoma\nC. Bladder carcinoma\nD. Testicular carcinoma", "a": "C. Bladder carcinoma\n\nChronic Schistosoma haematobium infection of the bladder is a well-known risk factor for squamous cell bladder carcinoma.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Warthin Finkeldey cells are seen in\nA. Mumps\nB. Poliomyelitis\nC. Herpes\nD. Measles", "a": "D. Measles\n\nWarthin-Finkeldey giant cells (multinucleate) are a characteristic finding in measles lymphoid tissue.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "All are proto oncogenes except\nA. K- RAS\nB. RET\nC. MYC\nD. RB", "a": "D. RB\n\nRB is a tumour suppressor gene, not a proto-oncogene like RAS, RET, or MYC.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Translocation seen in follicular lymphoma\nA. t ( 9 : 22)\nB. t (8 : 14)\nC. t ( 14: 18)\nD. t (11: 12)", "a": "C. t ( 14: 18)\n\nFollicular lymphoma is characterized by t(14;18) leading to BCL2 overexpression and impaired apoptosis.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "SIADH as paraneoplastic syndrome is seen in\nA. Breast carcinoma\nB. Small cell carcinoma of lung\nC. Renal carcinoma\nD. Fibrosarcoma", "a": "B. Small cell carcinoma of lung\n\nSmall cell lung carcinoma classically causes ectopic ADH secretion leading to SIADH.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Guardian angel against obesity is\nA. Leptin\nB. Ghrelin\nC. Glucagon like peptide 1\nD. Adiponectin", "a": "D. Adiponectin\n\nAdiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation, protecting against obesity-related metabolic disease.", "asked": [ "May 2024", "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "The most abundant cytosolic protein in cells is ____________\nA. Vimentin\nB. Actin\nC. Desmin\nD. Cytokeratin", "a": "B. Actin\n\nActin is the most abundant cytosolic (cytoskeletal) protein in most eukaryotic cells.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Anti-apoptotic protein is _______________\nA. BAX\nB. BAK\nC. BIM\nD. BCL-2", "a": "D. BCL-2\n\nBCL-2 is the prototype anti-apoptotic protein, in contrast to pro-apoptotic BAX, BAK, and BIM.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "All are vasodilators except\nA. Thromboxane A2\nB. PGI2\nC. PGD2\nD. PGE2", "a": "A. Thromboxane A2\n\nThromboxane A2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator, unlike the vasodilatory prostaglandins listed.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Caisson disease is due to ____________\nA. Air embolism\nB. Amniotic fluid embolism\nC. Fat embolism\nD. Pulmonary embolism", "a": "A. Air embolism\n\nCaisson disease (decompression sickness) results from gas/nitrogen bubbles forming in blood and tissues, a form of air embolism.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Tri-nucleotide repeat mutation is seen in ________\nA. Tuberous sclerosis\nB. Achondroplasia\nC. Fragile –X syndrome\nD. Cystic fibrosis", "a": "C. Fragile –X syndrome\n\nFragile X syndrome is caused by CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Hexosaminidase- A enzyme deficiency causes\nA. Gaucher's disease\nB. Tay-sachs disease\nC. Fabry's disease\nD. Niemann-pick disease", "a": "B. Tay-sachs disease\n\nHexosaminidase A deficiency prevents GM2 ganglioside breakdown, causing Tay-Sachs disease.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Type of hypersensitivity seen in Good pasture syndrome\nA. Type – I\nB. Type – II\nC. Type – III\nD. Type – IV", "a": "B. Type – II\n\nGoodpasture syndrome is caused by anti-GBM antibodies, a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Hemotological abnormality seen in Wiskott Aldrich syndrome\nA. Anaemia\nB. Eosinophilia\nC. Thrombocytopenia\nD. Polycythemia", "a": "C. Thrombocytopenia\n\nWiskott-Aldrich syndrome classically presents with thrombocytopenia along with eczema and recurrent infections.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "\"Ouch – ouch \" disease is due to toxicity of ____________\nA. Mercury\nB. Arsenic\nC. Cadmium\nD. Lead", "a": "C. Cadmium\n\nItai-itai ('ouch-ouch') disease is caused by chronic cadmium toxicity, causing painful bone and kidney disease.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "All are risk factors for \"SIDS\" except\nA. Male sex\nB. Low socioeconomic group\nC. Prematurity\nD. Hypothermia", "a": "D. Hypothermia\n\nOverheating, not hypothermia, is a recognized SIDS risk factor; the others are established risk factors.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "All are associated with good prognosis in ALL except\nA. Age < 2 years\nB. Hyperdiploidy\nC. Presence of t (12:21)\nD. Age between 2 to 10 yrs", "a": "A. Age < 2 years\n\nAge less than 2 years (like infant ALL, often with MLL rearrangements) is a poor prognostic factor, unlike the others.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "\"CRAB\" criteria is used in ___________\nA. Multiple myeloma\nB. Hodgkin Lymphoma\nC. Thalassemia\nD. Myelodysplasic syndrome", "a": "A. Multiple myeloma\n\nCRAB (hyperCalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone lesions) criteria define end-organ damage in multiple myeloma.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to deficiency of\nA. GP Ib- IX\nB. GP IIIb-IV\nC. GP IIb-IIIa\nD. GP I - III", "a": "C. GP IIb-IIIa\n\nGlanzmann thrombasthenia results from a deficiency of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, impairing platelet aggregation.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Triggers for hemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency includes all except\nA. Pollen\nB. Fava beans\nC. Chloroquine\nD. Salmonella Typhi", "a": "A. Pollen\n\nPollen is not a recognized oxidative trigger for hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, unlike fava beans, certain drugs, and infections.", "asked": [ "May 2024" ] }, { "q": "Erythroblastosis represents which immunological reaction\nA. Antibody mediated cytotoxicity\nB. Antigen mediated\nC. T- Cell mediated\nD. Complement mediated", "a": "A. Antibody mediated cytotoxicity\n\nErythroblastosis fetalis is caused by maternal antibodies against fetal RBC antigens, a Type II antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Which is not carcinogenic\nA. Vitamin A\nB. Benzopyrene\nC. Aniline dye\nD. Aflatoxin", "a": "A. Vitamin A\n\nVitamin A (retinoids) is not carcinogenic; benzopyrene, aniline dyes, and aflatoxin are all established carcinogens.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "The test that is done prior to transplantation surgery to determine the compatibility of MHC proteins between donor and recipient is called\nA. MHC matching\nB. MHC typing\nC. Tissue typing\nD. Blood HLA test", "a": "C. Tissue typing\n\nHLA/MHC compatibility testing before transplantation is called tissue typing.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Example for Immune complex mediated Disease\nA. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis\nB. Grave's Disease\nC. Pernicious Anaemia\nD. Good Pasteur Syndrome", "a": "A. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis\n\nPost-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by immune complex deposition, a Type III hypersensitivity reaction.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "The essential component of granuloma\nA. Giant cells\nB. Histiocytes\nC. Lymphocytes\nD. Granulation tissue", "a": "B. Histiocytes\n\nActivated macrophages (epithelioid histiocytes) are the essential, defining component of a granuloma.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "In acute inflammation endothelial cell retraction causes\nA. Immediate transient increase in permeability\nB. Immediate prolonged increase permeability\nC. Late transient increase in permeability\nD. Late prolonged increase in permeability", "a": "A. Immediate transient increase in permeability\n\nHistamine-mediated endothelial retraction is a rapid, short-lived cause of increased vascular permeability.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Multipotent stem cells are\nA. T cell\nB. Mast cell\nC. Committed stem cell\nD. Neutrophil", "a": "C. Committed stem cell\n\nA committed (lineage-restricted) stem cell retains multipotency to form several cell types within that lineage, unlike fully differentiated T cells, mast cells, or neutrophils.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "First sign of wound healing\nA. Epithelization\nB. Dilatation of capillaries\nC. Leucocytic infiltration\nD. Localized oedema", "a": "B. Dilatation of capillaries\n\nEarly vasodilation with capillary dilatation is one of the first visible changes in the wound healing/inflammatory response.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Accumulation of Carbon in lung is an example of\nA. Lack of enzyme machinery to remove\nB. Overproduction\nC. Inadequate metabolism\nD. None of the above", "a": "A. Lack of enzyme machinery to remove\n\nCarbon particles (anthracosis) are inert and cannot be enzymatically degraded, so they simply accumulate in macrophages.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following cannot undergo hyperplasia?\nA. Heart\nB. Liver\nC. Kidney\nD. Endometrium", "a": "A. Heart\n\nCardiac myocytes are permanent cells that respond to increased demand only by hypertrophy, not hyperplasia.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "The commonest site of thrombosis\nA. Vein\nB. Heart\nC. Artery\nD. Capillary", "a": "A. Vein\n\nDeep veins of the lower limb are the most common overall site of thrombus formation.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "The most important factor in determining the development of infarct\nA. Size of thrombus\nB. Severity of obstruction\nC. Age of the patient\nD. Collateral circulation", "a": "D. Collateral circulation\n\nThe adequacy of collateral blood supply is the single most important determinant of whether an occlusion causes infarction.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Male with rudimentary testis, tall stature, sparse pubic hair. Probable Karyotyping?\nA. 47, XXY\nB. 46 XX\nC. 46 XY\nD. 45Y", "a": "A. 47, XXY\n\nThis presentation is classic for Klinefelter syndrome, with karyotype 47,XXY.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Not an antigen presenting cell\nA. Astrocyte\nB. Histiocyte\nC. Endothelial cells\nD. Langerhan cell", "a": "C. Endothelial cells\n\nVascular endothelial cells are not classified among the professional/non-professional antigen presenting cells listed here.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Mast cell produce\nA. PGE2\nB. PGF2\nC. C3\nD. Histamine", "a": "D. Histamine\n\nHistamine is the classic preformed mediator released from mast cell granules.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "The most common cause of agranulocytosis is\nA. Splenomegaly\nB. Infections\nC. Drug toxicity\nD. Immune mediated", "a": "C. Drug toxicity\n\nDrug-induced marrow suppression/toxicity is the most common cause of agranulocytosis.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "In sepsis, which of the following is not a morphological change in neutrophils?\nA. Toxic granules\nB. Vacuoles in cytoplasm\nC. Dohle bodies\nD. Howell jolly bodies", "a": "D. Howell jolly bodies\n\nHowell-Jolly bodies are nuclear remnants seen in RBCs (post-splenectomy), not a neutrophil change of sepsis.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following NHL is not arising from germinal center B cells?\nA. Follicular Lymphoma\nB. Mantle cell Lymphoma\nC. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma\nD. Burkitt Lymphoma", "a": "B. Mantle cell Lymphoma\n\nMantle cell lymphoma arises from naive pre-germinal center B cells of the mantle zone, unlike the other germinal-center-derived lymphomas.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "All regarding aplastic anemia is correct except\nA. Seen in Fanconi syndrome\nB. Bone marrow is Hypocellular\nC. Definitive treatment is Erythropoietin\nD. Pancytopenia", "a": "C. Definitive treatment is Erythropoietin\n\nErythropoietin is not effective in aplastic anemia; definitive treatment is bone marrow transplant or immunosuppressive therapy.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "In Sideroblastic anemia\nA. Macrocytic hypochromic RBC\nB. Microcytic hypochromic RBC\nC. Serum iron decreased\nD. It's due to deletion in globin protein", "a": "B. Microcytic hypochromic RBC\n\nSideroblastic anemia classically shows microcytic hypochromic red cells due to defective heme synthesis despite adequate/increased iron.", "asked": [ "Dec 2024" ] }, { "q": "ABO human blood group system was first described by\nA. Edward Jenner\nB. Karl Landsteiner\nC. Hippocrates\nD. Laennec", "a": "B. Karl Landsteiner\n\nKarl Landsteiner first described the ABO blood group system in 1901.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Structure of DNA of the cell was described by\nA. Watson and Crick\nB. Tijo and Levan\nC. Ruska and Lorries\nD. Barbara McClintock", "a": "A. Watson and Crick\n\nWatson and Crick described the double-helical structure of DNA in 1953.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Frozen section is employed for the following purposes except\nA. Fat demonstration\nB. Amyloid\nC. Rapid diagnosis\nD. Enzymes", "a": "B. Amyloid\n\nFrozen sections are used for rapid diagnosis, fat/enzyme demonstration, but amyloid is better demonstrated on fixed tissue with Congo red staining.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Tissues for electron microscopy are fixed in\nA. Carnoy's fixative\nB. 10% buffered formalin\nC. Saline\nD. 4% Glutaraldehyde", "a": "D. 4% Glutaraldehyde\n\nGlutaraldehyde provides excellent ultrastructural preservation required for electron microscopy.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Actin and myosin proteins are found in\nA. Microtubules\nB. Microfilaments\nC. Intermediate filaments\nD. Ribosomes", "a": "B. Microfilaments\n\nActin (and associated myosin) forms the microfilament component of the cytoskeleton.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Out of various free radical species, the following radical is most reactive\nA. Superoxide\nB. Hydrogen peroxide\nC. Hydroxyl\nD. Nitric oxide", "a": "C. Hydroxyl\n\nThe hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the most reactive and damaging of the common free radical species.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "In fatty liver due to chronic alcoholism, the following mechanisms are involved except\nA. Increased free fatty acid synthesis\nB. Decreased triglyceride utilization\nC. Increased alpha-glycerophosphate\nD. Block in lipoprotein excretion", "a": "A. Increased free fatty acid synthesis\n\nAlcoholic fatty liver is driven mainly by altered NADH/NAD+ ratios impairing fat oxidation/lipoprotein export, rather than increased de novo fatty acid synthesis.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "The following pigments are stainable by Prussian blue reaction except\nA. Hemosiderin\nB. Ferritin\nC. Haemitin\nD. Haemochromatosis", "a": "D. Haemochromatosis\n\nHaemochromatosis is a disease of iron overload, not a pigment itself, so it cannot be 'stained' by Perls' Prussian blue reaction.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Enzymatic digestion is the predominant event in the following type of necrosis\nA. Coagulative necrosis\nB. Liquefactive necrosis\nC. Caseous necrosis\nD. Fat necrosis", "a": "B. Liquefactive necrosis\n\nLiquefactive necrosis is characterized by predominant enzymatic (autolytic/heterolytic) digestion of dead tissue.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Idiopathic calcinosis cutis is an example of\nA. Necrotising inflammation\nB. Dystrophic calcification\nC. Metastatic calcification\nD. Calcified thrombi in veins", "a": "B. Dystrophic calcification\n\nCalcinosis cutis deposits calcium in normal serum-calcium settings, a form of dystrophic calcification.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "In atrophy the cells are\nA. Dead cells\nB. Shrunken cells\nC. Irreversibly injured cells\nD. Reversibly injured cells", "a": "B. Shrunken cells\n\nAtrophy is a reversible reduction in cell size and function, i.e. shrunken but viable cells.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following gene is proapoptotic\nA. p53\nB. Bcl2\nC. RB\nD. Bax", "a": "D. Bax\n\nBax is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that promotes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Transplantation antigens are located on portion of\nA. Chromosome 1\nB. Chromosome 6\nC. Chromosome 9\nD. Chromosome 22", "a": "B. Chromosome 6\n\nThe MHC/HLA gene complex encoding transplantation antigens is located on chromosome 6.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Transudate differs from exudate in having the following except\nA. No inflammatory cells\nB. Low glucose content\nC. Low protein content\nD. Low specific gravity", "a": "B. Low glucose content\n\nTransudate glucose content is typically normal (not low); low glucose is a feature of infective/inflammatory exudates, not a transudate-defining feature.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Which of the complement component act as chemokines\nA. C3b\nB. C4b\nC. C5a\nD. C4a", "a": "C. C5a\n\nC5a is a potent chemoattractant (chemotactic factor) for neutrophils, in addition to its anaphylatoxin activity.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Prion proteins are implicated in the etiology of\nA. Spongiform encephalopathy\nB. Viral encephalitis\nC. Perivenous encephalomyelitis\nD. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", "a": "A. Spongiform encephalopathy\n\nMisfolded prion proteins cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as CJD.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Important cyclins in cell cycle include the following except\nA. Cyclin A\nB. Cyclin B\nC. Cyclin C\nD. Cyclin D", "a": "C. Cyclin C\n\nCyclins A, B, and D are the classic drivers of cell cycle phase transitions; Cyclin C is not a major cell-cycle-driving cyclin.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Weight of hemoglobin in RBC is\nA. 50%\nB. 70%\nC. 90%\nD. 99%", "a": "C. 90%\n\nHemoglobin constitutes roughly 90% of the dry weight of a red blood cell.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "Red cell membrane defects include the following except\nA. Spherocytosis\nB. Ovalocytosis\nC. Leptocytosis\nD. Echinocytosis", "a": "C. Leptocytosis\n\nLeptocytosis (target cells) results from an altered surface-to-volume ratio (e.g. thalassemia, liver disease), not a primary structural membrane protein defect like the others.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "For manifesting bleeding in haemophilia, the activity of factor VIII is generally\nA. More than 75%\nB. 50-75%\nC. 25-50%\nD. below 25%", "a": "D. below 25%\n\nClinically significant bleeding in haemophilia A typically occurs when factor VIII activity falls below 25% of normal.", "asked": [ "Mar 2025" ] }, { "q": "For counting of CD4+T cells in AIDS the following technique is often employed\nA. In situ hybridization\nB. Polymerase chain reaction\nC. Flow cytometry\nD. Electron microscopy", "a": "C. Flow cytometry\n\nFlow cytometry is the standard method for enumerating CD4+ T cell counts in HIV/AIDS monitoring.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Formation of granuloma is\nA. Type I hypersensitivity reaction\nB. Type II hypersensitivity reaction\nC. Type III hypersensitivity reaction\nD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction", "a": "D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction\n\nGranuloma formation is a classic delayed-type (Type IV) cell-mediated hypersensitivity response.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "The following hereditary diseases have higher incidence of cancers due to inherited defect in DNA repair mechanism except\nA. Ataxia telangiectasia\nB. Xeroderma pigmentosum\nC. Familial polyposis coli\nD. Bloom's syndrome", "a": "C. Familial polyposis coli\n\nFamilial polyposis coli (FAP) results from an APC tumour suppressor gene mutation, not a DNA repair defect like the others.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following is a test for mutagenicity\nA. Kveim's test\nB. Ame's test\nC. Schilling test\nD. Mantoux test", "a": "B. Ame's test\n\nThe Ames test uses bacterial reversion assays to screen chemicals for mutagenic potential.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "All of the following are X-linked recessive disorders except\nA. Hemophilia A and B\nB. Chronic granulomatous disease\nC. G6PD deficiency\nD. Sickle cell anemia", "a": "D. Sickle cell anemia\n\nSickle cell anemia is autosomal recessive, unlike hemophilia, CGD, and G6PD deficiency which are X-linked recessive.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "In hereditary spherocytosis the following membrane structure is deficient\nA. Band 3 protein\nB. Glycophorin\nC. Spectrin\nD. Glycolipid", "a": "C. Spectrin\n\nHereditary spherocytosis is classically caused by deficiency of the cytoskeletal protein spectrin.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "The precipitated gamma chains of hemoglobin are known as\nA. Heinz bodies\nB. Pappenheimer bodies\nC. Hb Barts\nD. Russel bodies", "a": "C. Hb Barts\n\nExcess unpaired gamma chains form the tetramer Hb Bart's (γ4), seen in severe alpha-thalassemia.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Bombay blood group is characterized by\nA. Absence of A gene\nB. Absence of B gene\nC. Absence of both A and B genes\nD. Absence of H gene", "a": "D. Absence of H gene\n\nThe Bombay phenotype lacks the H antigen precursor, so A and B antigens cannot be expressed even if the genes are present.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase scores are elevated in\nA. AML\nB. CML\nC. Myeloid metaplasia\nD. Myeloid leukemoid reaction", "a": "D. Myeloid leukemoid reaction\n\nLAP score is elevated in reactive leukemoid reactions, helping distinguish it from CML, where LAP is characteristically low.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Chikungunya is transmitted to humans by\nA. Aedes\nB. Anopheles\nC. Culex\nD. Tick", "a": "A. Aedes\n\nChikungunya virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, similar to dengue and Zika.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "All are autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes except\nA. Retinoblastoma\nB. Xeroderma pigmentosum\nC. HNPCC\nD. Neurofibromatosis", "a": "B. Xeroderma pigmentosum\n\nXeroderma pigmentosum is autosomal recessive, unlike retinoblastoma, HNPCC, and neurofibromatosis which are autosomal dominant.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Out of the following glycogenosis the following is a example of lysosomal storage disease\nA. Vongierke's disease\nB. Pompe's disease\nC. Forbe's disease\nD. Anderson's disease", "a": "B. Pompe's disease\n\nPompe's disease (Type II glycogenosis) is caused by lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency, making it a lysosomal storage disease.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria the undue sensitivity of red cells to complement can be detected by\nA. Ham's test\nB. Heinz body test\nC. Direct Coomb's test\nD. Indirect Coomb's test", "a": "A. Ham's test\n\nThe Ham's acid hemolysis test detects the increased complement sensitivity of PNH red cells.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Erythropoietin is produced by\nA. Liver\nB. Lungs\nC. Bone marrow\nD. Kidney", "a": "D. Kidney\n\nThe kidney (peritubular interstitial cells) is the primary source of erythropoietin in adults.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Bernard Soulier syndrome is a defect in\nA. Platelet aggregation\nB. Platelet adhesion\nC. Platelet release reaction\nD. Platelet morphology", "a": "B. Platelet adhesion\n\nBernard-Soulier syndrome results from GP Ib-IX deficiency, impairing platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "The most common site for hydatid cyst is\nA. Liver\nB. Lungs\nC. Spleen\nD. Brain", "a": "A. Liver\n\nThe liver is the most common site for hydatid (Echinococcus) cyst formation.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "In karyotyping the dividing cells are arrested by addition of colchicine in the following mitotic phase\nA. Prophase\nB. Metaphase\nC. Anaphase\nD. Telophase", "a": "B. Metaphase\n\nColchicine disrupts the mitotic spindle, arresting cells in metaphase for chromosome analysis.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Basement membrane consists of\nA. Type I collagen\nB. Type II collagen\nC. Type III collagen\nD. Type IV collagen", "a": "D. Type IV collagen\n\nType IV collagen forms the characteristic network structure of the basement membrane.", "asked": [ "Jul 2025" ] }, { "q": "Epithelioid granuloma is not seen in which of the following conditions?\nA. Sarcoidosis\nB. Syphilis\nC. Toxoplasmosis\nD. Kikuchi's lymphadenitis", "a": "D. Kikuchi's lymphadenitis\n\nKikuchi's disease shows necrotizing lymphadenitis with karyorrhexis, not epithelioid granulomas like the other conditions.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "A 34 yr old woman is undergoing evaluation for premature cataracts, thinning of skin and alopecia, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. She is found to have a hereditary genetic mutation in WRN gene. This gene encodes which of the following proteins?\nA. Deaminase\nB. Helicase\nC. Oxidase\nD. Polymerase", "a": "B. Helicase\n\nWerner syndrome (WRN gene) encodes a DNA helicase; its loss causes accelerated aging and genomic instability.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Atypical mononuclear cells with lots of cytoplasm showing a ballerina skirt appearance – (DOWNEY CELLS) is seen in\nA. Sepsis\nB. Hairy cell leukemia\nC. Infectious Mononucleosis\nD. All of the above", "a": "C. Infectious Mononucleosis\n\nDowney cells are reactive atypical lymphocytes classically seen in infectious mononucleosis (EBV infection).", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "40-year-old construction worker presented with colicky abdominal pain, anemia, nephropathy and encephalopathy. Investigation revealed increased Zinc protoporphyrin level. What is your diagnosis?\nA. Iron deficiency anaemia\nB. Sideroblastic anaemia\nC. Lead poisoning\nD. Blood loss", "a": "C. Lead poisoning\n\nOccupational exposure with colicky pain, anemia, nephropathy, encephalopathy and raised zinc protoporphyrin is classic for lead poisoning.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Which of the following is the Guardian angel of Obesity?\nA. Leptin\nB. Adiponectin\nC. Insulin\nD. Ghrelin", "a": "B. Adiponectin\n\nAdiponectin improves insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism, protecting against obesity-related complications.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Stain used for Reticulocytes:\nA. Reticulin stain\nB. Brilliant Crystal Blue\nC. Prussian Blue stain\nD. Periodic acid Schiff's stain", "a": "B. Brilliant Crystal Blue\n\nReticulocytes are identified using supravital staining with Brilliant Cresyl/Crystal Blue, which highlights residual RNA.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Most common molecular lesion in alpha -thalassemia:\nA. Gene deletion\nB. Splicing mutation\nC. Promotor region mutation\nD. Chain terminator mutation", "a": "A. Gene deletion\n\nAlpha-thalassemia is most commonly caused by deletion of one or more of the duplicated alpha-globin genes.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Intravascular Hemolysis is seen in all except:\nA. G6PD Deficiency\nB. Thalassemia\nC. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria\nD. Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria", "a": "B. Thalassemia\n\nThalassemia causes predominantly extravascular hemolysis (ineffective erythropoiesis/splenic destruction), unlike the others.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "What are the drugs can cause thrombocytopenia?\nA. Quinidine\nB. Vancomycin\nC. Heparin\nD. All of the above", "a": "D. All of the above\n\nQuinidine, vancomycin, and heparin can all cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "True statement about Von Willebrand disease except\nA. Type III is autosomal recessive\nB. Bleeding from mucous membrane\nC. Decreased platelet count\nD. Prolonged bleeding time", "a": "C. Decreased platelet count\n\nPlatelet count is typically normal in von Willebrand disease, which is a qualitative platelet-adhesion defect, not a quantitative one.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Lavender topped vacutainers are used for\nA. Serology\nB. Immunology\nC. Glucose estimation\nD. Complete blood count", "a": "D. Complete blood count\n\nLavender-top (EDTA) tubes prevent clotting/clumping and are standard for complete blood counts.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Identify the correct match\nA. RAS- Tumor suppressor gene\nB. PTEN- Protooncogene\nC. BRCA- Tumor suppressor gene\nD. MEN 1- Protooncogene", "a": "C. BRCA- Tumor suppressor gene\n\nBRCA1/2 are tumour suppressor genes; RAS is a proto-oncogene and PTEN/MEN1 are tumour suppressors, making C the only correct match.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "BCL2 present in which chromosome?\nA. 14\nB. 18\nC. 8\nD. 11", "a": "B. 18\n\nThe BCL2 gene is located on chromosome 18, translocated to the IGH locus on chromosome 14 in follicular lymphoma.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "What is the most important test to detect iron stores\nA. TIBC\nB. Serum iorn\nC. Serum Ferritin\nD. Serum Transferrin", "a": "C. Serum Ferritin\n\nSerum ferritin best reflects total body iron stores.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Spherocytes are not seen in\nA. Hereditary spherocytosis\nB. Burns\nC. Blood transfusion\nD. Sickle cell anemia", "a": "D. Sickle cell anemia\n\nSickle cell anemia is characterized by sickle cells, not spherocytes, unlike hereditary spherocytosis, burns, or transfusion reactions.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in\nA. Heart\nB. Brain\nC. Lung\nD. Spleen", "a": "B. Brain\n\nThe brain, being rich in lipids and lacking a strong stroma, characteristically undergoes liquefactive necrosis after infarction.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Find the true point about Dry Gangrene\nA. Common feature in intestine\nB. Line of demarcation seen\nC. Venous occlusion is main cause\nD. Infection is seen", "a": "B. Line of demarcation seen\n\nDry gangrene shows a clear line of demarcation between viable and necrotic (mummified) tissue, typically from arterial occlusion.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Which is incorrect about fat necrosis?\nA. Enzymatic fat necrosis can occur in Breast\nB. Pancreas plays a role\nC. Serum calcium level decreases in acute pancreatitis\nD. Giant cells reaction seen", "a": "A. Enzymatic fat necrosis can occur in Breast\n\nFat necrosis in the breast is typically traumatic (not enzymatic/lipase-mediated) in origin, unlike pancreatic fat necrosis.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "Trisomy 18 is seen in which syndrome\nA. Edwards syndrome\nB. Downs syndrome\nC. Patau syndrome\nD. Turner syndrome", "a": "A. Edwards syndrome\n\nTrisomy 18 is known as Edwards syndrome.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] }, { "q": "After delivery 28-year female develops dyspnoea, cyanosis, seizures and death. Post-mortem examination of lungs shows hair and squamous cells. What is the cause of death?\nA. Disseminated intravascular coagulation\nB. Amniotic fluid embolism\nC. Pulmonary embolism\nD. Fat and marrow embolism", "a": "B. Amniotic fluid embolism\n\nFetal squamous cells and hair (lanugo) in pulmonary vessels post-partum is diagnostic of amniotic fluid embolism.", "asked": [ "Oct 2025" ] } ]