// ============================================================
// FILE: theory/pathology/IMS-pathology/flash-pyq.js
// SUBJECT: Pathology | CHAPTER: complete | DECK: Flash PYQ IMS
// ============================================================

var CARDS_Microbiology_SOA_FlashPYQ_IMS = [

  {"q": "Define necrosis. Discuss the biochemical and morphological changes in necrosis. Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Coagulative/liquefactive/caseous necrosis; apoptosis = programmed, no inflammation"},
  {"q": "Define apoptosis with examples. Discuss the pathogenesis and pathological features. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Caspase cascade, intrinsic/extrinsic pathway, Councilman bodies"},
  {"q": "Short notes on any three: (a) Fat embolism (b) Delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction (c) Para-neoplastic syndrome (d) Dystrophic calcification (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Fat globules in lung; T-cell mediated; remote tumor effect; Ca deposit in dead tissue"},
  {"q": "Define Thrombosis. Discuss Thrombogenesis in detail. Mention the fate of thrombus. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Virchow's triad; propagation, resolution, organization, embolization"},
  {"q": "Apoptosis — define, describe morphological & biochemical changes, and how it differs from necrosis. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, no inflammation, caspase activation"},
  {"q": "Dystrophic calcification (and/or differentiate dystrophic vs metastatic calcification). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Ca deposition in dead tissue (normal Ca) vs deranged Ca metabolism (normal tissue)"},
  {"q": "Reversible cell injury (definition, causes, features) and differentiate from irreversible cell injury. (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "Cell swelling, ribosomal detachment; reversible vs membrane rupture irreversible"},
  {"q": "Morphological patterns of tissue necrosis / types of necrosis / coagulative necrosis. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, gangrenous necrosis"},
  {"q": "Pathological calcification (general) / Atrophy / Hyperplasia / Fatty change / Metaplasia / Dysplasia / Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Adaptive responses: cell size vs number vs type change"},
  {"q": "Healing by primary and secondary intention / wound healing (differentiate). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Clean apposed edges minimal scar vs gaping wound granulation tissue"},
  {"q": "Free-radical injury / antioxidants. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "ROS-mediated damage; catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase"},
  {"q": "Choristoma / Hamartoma. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Ectopic normal tissue vs disorganized mature indigenous tissue"},
  {"q": "Define apoptosis (1-liner) / Councilman bodies in liver = apoptosis. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Programmed cell death; Councilman bodies = hepatocyte apoptosis"},
  {"q": "Wear and tear pigment (Lipofuscin). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Yellow-brown insoluble pigment, lipid peroxidation product, aging"},
  {"q": "Name of genetic disorder due to deletion in paternal chromosome. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Prader-Willi syndrome (chromosome 15 deletion)"},
  {"q": "Fatty change represents _______ (intracellular accumulation / steatosis). (IMS 2014)", "a": "Steatosis / intracellular lipid accumulation"},
  {"q": "Calcification of atheromatous plaque = dystrophic calcification. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Dystrophic calcification"},
  {"q": "Abnormal mitosis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Feature of malignancy, tripolar/asymmetric spindle"},
  {"q": "Apoptosis has the following features EXCEPT: (a) Cell shrinkage (b) No acute inflammatory cells (c) Single cell loss (d) Seen in pathologic processes only (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(d) - apoptosis also occurs physiologically"},
  {"q": "For metaplasia, the following holds true: (a) Disordered growth (b) Only epithelial tissues (c) Reversible change (d) Irreversible and progressive (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(c) Reversible change"},
  {"q": "True about apoptosis are all EXCEPT: (a) Inflammation is present (b) Clumping of chromatin (c) Cell shrinkage (d) Chromosomal breakage (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(a) - no inflammation in apoptosis"},
  {"q": "Nuclear changes in necrosis include all EXCEPT: (a) Karyolysis (b) Karyorrhexis (c) Swelling (d) Pyknosis (IMS 2014)", "a": "(c) Swelling is not a nuclear change"},
  {"q": "All are true about lipofuscin pigment EXCEPT: (a) Soluble pigment (b) Yellowish brown (c) Not injurious to cell (d) Seen in liver and heart (IMS 2014)", "a": "(a) - lipofuscin is insoluble"},
  {"q": "All of the following is a form of cellular adaptation EXCEPT: (i) Atrophy (ii) Hyperplasia (iii) Dysplasia (iv) Metaplasia (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) Dysplasia is not adaptation"},
  {"q": "Enzyme acting as free radical scavenging system — all EXCEPT: (i) Catalase (ii) ATPase (iii) Superoxide dismutase (iv) Glutathione peroxidase (IMS 2011)", "a": "(ii) ATPase - not an antioxidant enzyme"},
  {"q": "What is true about caspases: (a) Involved in apoptosis (b) Causes necrosis (c) Involved in pain pathway (d) Cytokine inhibitors (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(a) Involved in apoptosis"},
  {"q": "Finding of reversible cell injury: (i) Ribosomal detachment from ER (ii) Amorphous densities in mitochondria (iii) Cell swelling (iv) All of the above (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "Ribosomal detachment / cell swelling - reversible changes"},
  {"q": "Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance: (a) Agenesis (b) Atrophy (c) Aplasia (d) Apoptosis (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(b) Atrophy"},
  {"q": "Coagulative necrosis seen in all EXCEPT: (i) MI (ii) Thermal injury (iii) Tuberculosis (iv) Zenker's degeneration (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "(iii) TB causes caseous necrosis"},
  {"q": "Dystrophic calcification is seen in: (i) Milk-Alkali syndrome (ii) Hyperparathyroidism (iii) Vit A intoxication (iv) Atheromatous plaque (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "(iv) Atheromatous plaque"},
  {"q": "Psammoma bodies are examples of: (i) Dystrophic calcification (ii) Metastatic calcification (iii) Endogenous calcification (iv) Steatosis (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(i) Dystrophic calcification"},
  {"q": "Which of the following is an executioner caspase: (i) Caspase 6 (ii) Caspase 7 (iii) Caspase 9 (iv) Caspase 10 (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(ii) Caspase 7 (also 3 and 6)"},

  {"q": "12-year-old male child developed running nose, difficulty in breathing with pruritus and oedema 30 minutes after eating prawn curry. (a) Possible diagnosis, define and classify. (b) Pathogenesis. (c) Chemical mediators responsible. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Anaphylaxis - Type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity; histamine, leukotrienes"},
  {"q": "Define Inflammation. Describe its signs. Role of different chemical mediators in acute inflammation. (IMS 2010)", "a": "Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor; histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, complement"},
  {"q": "Granuloma — define and describe a tubercular granuloma with neat labelled diagram. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, central caseation"},
  {"q": "Granuloma / Granulomatous inflammation — pathogenesis, types, morphology of tubercular granuloma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Foreign body vs immune granuloma; epithelioid histiocytes, caseation"},
  {"q": "Differences between exudate and transudate. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "High protein/cells/SG in exudate vs low in transudate"},
  {"q": "Acute vs chronic inflammation (differentiate). (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Neutrophils, short duration vs lymphocytes/macrophages, fibrosis"},
  {"q": "Primary and secondary wound healing (differentiate). (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Clean apposed edges vs gaping wound with granulation tissue"},
  {"q": "Role of prostaglandins in inflammation / Arachidonic acid metabolites / Chemical mediators. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "COX pathway; vasodilation, pain, fever mediators"},
  {"q": "Phagocytosis and microbial killing. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Recognition, engulfment, oxidative burst and non-oxidative killing"},
  {"q": "Role of complements in acute inflammation / opsonization. (IMS 2016)", "a": "C3b opsonin, C5a chemotaxis, MAC (C5b-9) lysis"},
  {"q": "Cardinal signs of acute inflammation. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa"},
  {"q": "Type III (Immune complex) Hypersensitivity reaction. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Antigen-antibody complex deposition, complement activation, e.g. SLE"},
  {"q": "Type I & IV hypersensitivity reaction (differentiate) / Anaphylaxis. (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "IgE-mast cell immediate vs T-cell mediated delayed (48-72h)"},
  {"q": "Cardiac Oedema. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Increased hydrostatic pressure, RAAS-driven Na/water retention"},
  {"q": "Complement system. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Classical, alternative, lectin pathways converge on MAC"},
  {"q": "Natural killer cells. (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "Innate lymphocytes, perforin-granzyme mediated killing"},
  {"q": "Name the adhesion molecules. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Selectins, integrins, ICAM-1, VCAM-1"},
  {"q": "Lines of Zahn are seen in _______ (thrombosis). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Thrombosis - antemortem clot"},
  {"q": "Chemotaxis — define / discuss. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Directed leukocyte migration toward chemoattractants (C5a, LTB4, IL-8)"},
  {"q": "Margination / Diapedesis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Leukocyte movement toward endothelium / passage through vessel wall"},
  {"q": "Caseating granuloma is a feature of _______ (tuberculosis). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Tuberculosis"},
  {"q": "Sequelae of acute inflammation. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Resolution, fibrosis/scarring, abscess formation, chronicity"},
  {"q": "Draw a diagram of Tubercular Granuloma. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Central caseation, epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, lymphocyte cuff"},
  {"q": "Chemical mediator responsible for pain in acute inflammation: (i) Histamine (ii) Bradykinin (iii) LTB4 (iv) Fibrin degradation product (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(ii) Bradykinin"},
  {"q": "Which of the following is a Chemokine? (i) LTA (ii) IL-8 (iii) PGI2 (iv) PAF (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(ii) IL-8"},
  {"q": "_______ is the chemokine which acts primarily on neutrophils. (IMS 2016)", "a": "IL-8"},
  {"q": "All are specific (secondary) granules of neutrophils EXCEPT: (a) Myeloperoxidase (b) Alkaline phosphatase (c) Plasminogen activator (d) Lactoferrin (IMS 2014)", "a": "(a) Myeloperoxidase is in primary granules"},
  {"q": "Following chemical mediator acts as opsonin: (i) C3b (ii) C5b (iii) TNF (iv) IFN-γ (IMS 2015)", "a": "(i) C3b"},
  {"q": "Cytokine responsible for transformation of macrophage to epithelioid cell: (i) IL-1 (ii) IL-2 (iii) IL-12 (iv) TNF (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) IL-12 (also IFN-γ)"},
  {"q": "Example of Type II Hypersensitivity reaction: (a) SLE (b) Polyarteritis nodosa (c) Graft rejection (d) Acute glomerulonephritis (IMS 2014)", "a": "(d) Acute post-streptococcal GN"},
  {"q": "Bradykinin causes all EXCEPT: (a) Vasodilatation (b) Bronchodilatation (c) Increased vascular permeability (d) Pain (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(b) Causes bronchoconstriction, not dilation"},
  {"q": "In SLE, Haematoxylin body represents: (a) Nuclear chromatin material (b) RNA (c) Cytosolic components (d) Cell membrane components (IMS 2019 Dec)", "a": "(a) Nuclear chromatin material"},
  {"q": "Type-II Hypersensitivity reaction includes: (i) Graves disease (ii) Myasthenia gravis (iii) Transfusion reaction (iv) All of the above (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(iv) All of the above"},
  {"q": "Arthus reaction is an example of: (i) Type I (ii) Type II (iii) Type III (iv) Type IV hypersensitivity (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(iii) Type III"},

  {"q": "Define oedema. Mention major factors in its formation. Describe pathophysiology of oedema in heart failure. (IMS 2010)", "a": "Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, Na retention"},
  {"q": "Define Thrombosis. Describe mechanism of thrombus formation, fate of thrombus and clinical consequences. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Virchow's triad; propagation, resolution, organization, embolization"},
  {"q": "Fate of thrombus. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Propagation, embolization, dissolution, organization/recanalization"},
  {"q": "Red infarct vs white (pale) infarct — differentiate. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Dual/venous supply loose tissue vs solid arterial end-artery organs"},
  {"q": "Differences between transudate and exudate. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Low protein/SG/cells vs high protein/SG/cells"},
  {"q": "Classify aneurysm and sites of berry aneurysm. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "True/false/dissecting; Circle of Willis, anterior communicating artery"},
  {"q": "Location and causes of portal hypertension and its 4 major consequences. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Cirrhosis; ascites, varices, splenomegaly, caput medusae"},
  {"q": "Mechanism and pathogenesis of oedema in heart failure / cirrhosis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Hydrostatic pressure rise, RAAS activation, hypoalbuminemia"},
  {"q": "Difference between thrombus and post-mortem clot / arterial vs venous thrombus. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Lines of Zahn present, adherent vs jelly-like non-adherent"},
  {"q": "Role of platelets in thrombogenesis. (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "Adhesion, activation, aggregation via GPIIb/IIIa"},
  {"q": "Infarction. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Ischemic coagulative necrosis from vascular occlusion"},
  {"q": "Virchow's triad — components. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Endothelial injury, stasis, hypercoagulability"},
  {"q": "Nutmeg liver. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Chronic passive venous congestion of liver"},
  {"q": "Lardaceous spleen / Sago spleen / Lardaceous spleen. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Amyloid deposition patterns in splenic follicles/pulp"},
  {"q": "Embolus / Paradoxical embolism. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Venous embolus crossing to systemic circulation via septal defect"},
  {"q": "Classify shock / Cardiogenic shock. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic"},
  {"q": "Brown induration of lung (chronic venous congestion). (IMS 2015)", "a": "Hemosiderin-laden macrophages, chronic left heart failure"},
  {"q": "25-year female after childbirth developed dyspnoea, cyanosis, seizures and coma — diagnosis and complication. (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "Amniotic fluid embolism; DIC complication"},
  {"q": "Most common source of embolism: (a) DVT (b) Trauma (c) Infection (d) Surgery (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(a) DVT"},
  {"q": "Virchow's triad for thrombosis includes all EXCEPT: (a) Stasis (b) Hypercoagulability (c) Endothelial injury (d) Platelet plug (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(d) Platelet plug not part of triad"},
  {"q": "Pale infarct is seen in the following EXCEPT: (a) Lung (b) Kidney (c) Heart (d) Spleen (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(a) Lung infarct is hemorrhagic"},
  {"q": "The infarct of following organ is invariably haemorrhagic: (a) Kidney (b) Spleen (c) Lung (d) Heart (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(c) Lung"},
  {"q": "Red infarction is seen in all EXCEPT: (i) Lungs (ii) Small intestine (iii) Ovary (iv) Heart (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iv) Heart - usually pale infarct"},
  {"q": "Decompression sickness develops due to: (i) Oxygen (ii) CO (iii) Nitrogen (iv) CO2 (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) Nitrogen"},
  {"q": "Sectioned surface of lung shows brown induration in: (a) PE (b) Pulmonary haemorrhage (c) Pulmonary infarction (d) Chronic venous congestion (IMS 2019 Dec)", "a": "(d) Chronic venous congestion"},
  {"q": "Hematoxylin bodies are seen in: (a) SLE (b) RA (c) PAN (d) Wegener's (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(a) SLE"},
  {"q": "Volume of air in air embolism to produce clinical effects: (i) 50 ml (ii) 100 ml (iii) 150 ml (iv) 500 ml (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(iii) 150 ml"},

  {"q": "Down's syndrome — features, karyotype, clinical significance. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Trisomy 21; simian crease, epicanthal folds, cardiac defects"},
  {"q": "Turner syndrome — features, karyotype. (IMS 2013)", "a": "45,X karyotype; webbed neck, short stature, streak ovaries"},
  {"q": "Klinefelter syndrome — features, karyotype. (IMS 2015)", "a": "47,XXY; gynecomastia, infertility, tall stature"},
  {"q": "Marfan's syndrome — features, gene mutation. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Fibrillin-1 gene; arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation"},
  {"q": "Gaucher disease — biochemical abnormality and morphological appearance. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Glucocerebrosidase deficiency; crumpled tissue-paper macrophages"},
  {"q": "Cystic fibrosis of lungs. (IMS 2012)", "a": "CFTR gene mutation, thick mucus, recurrent infections"},
  {"q": "Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Down syndrome"},
  {"q": "Turner syndrome karyotype = 45,X. (IMS 2014)", "a": "45,X"},
  {"q": "Name two sex-linked disorders. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Hemophilia, color blindness (X-linked recessive)"},
  {"q": "Philadelphia chromosome = balanced reciprocal translocation. (IMS 2016)", "a": "t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion"},
  {"q": "All of the following are characteristics of Turner syndrome EXCEPT: (a) Webbing of neck (b) Cubitus valgus (c) Umbilical hernia (d) Coarctation of aorta (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) Umbilical hernia not typical"},
  {"q": "Chromosomal translocation of CML: (a) 28 (b) 8:14 (c) 9:22 (d) 15:17 (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) t(9;22)"},
  {"q": "Karyotype 47,XXY represents: (i) Down (ii) Klinefelter (iii) Turner (iv) Fragile X (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(ii) Klinefelter"},
  {"q": "All are autosomal recessive disorders EXCEPT: (a) Sickle cell anemia (b) Friedreich ataxia (c) Cystic fibrosis (d) Polycystic kidney disease (IMS 2014)", "a": "(d) PKD is autosomal dominant"},
  {"q": "Mutation in Marfan's syndrome is: (a) Collagen-I (b) Collagen-IV (c) Fibrillin-I (d) Fibrillin-II (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(c) Fibrillin-I"},
  {"q": "MHC gene is clustered on chromosome: (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 6 (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(d) Chromosome 6"},

  {"q": "Define Neoplasia. Describe gross and microscopic differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Encapsulated/slow growth vs invasive/anaplastic malignant"},
  {"q": "Mention the serum markers of germ cell tumors / Immunohistochemical markers of breast carcinoma. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "AFP, hCG, LDH; ER/PR/HER2"},
  {"q": "Benign vs malignant tumour — differentiate. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Encapsulation, differentiation, growth rate, metastasis"},
  {"q": "Metaplasia vs dysplasia — differentiate. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Reversible normal cell change vs abnormal disordered growth"},
  {"q": "Paraneoplastic syndromes. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Remote tumor effects, e.g. SIADH, hypercalcemia, Cushing"},
  {"q": "Oncogenic viruses / microbial carcinogens / types of carcinogens. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "HPV, HBV, EBV, H. pylori"},
  {"q": "Routes of tumour metastasis. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Direct seeding, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread"},
  {"q": "Tumour markers. (IMS 2015)", "a": "AFP, CEA, PSA, CA-125, beta-hCG"},
  {"q": "Chemical carcinogenesis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Initiation-promotion; direct-acting vs procarcinogens"},
  {"q": "Benign vs malignant neoplasm (also in Doc3 Ch5). (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "Encapsulation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis"},
  {"q": "Aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon. (IMS 2016)", "a": "APC gene mutation, adenoma-carcinoma sequence"},
  {"q": "Pathological changes in heredofamilial amyloidosis. (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "Transthyretin mutation, familial amyloid deposits"},
  {"q": "Define hamartoma. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Disorganized mass of mature indigenous tissue"},
  {"q": "Define paraneoplastic syndromes. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Symptom complex from tumor secretions, not direct mets"},
  {"q": "Two oncogenic viruses. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "HPV, HBV (also EBV)"},
  {"q": "Two tumour suppressor genes. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "p53, RB"},
  {"q": "Two special stains for amyloidosis (Congo red, Thioflavin T). (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Congo red, Thioflavin T"},
  {"q": "Define metaplasia and give 2 examples. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Reversible cell type change; Barrett's, squamous metaplasia bronchus"},
  {"q": "Name two familial cancers. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "FAP, hereditary breast-ovarian (BRCA)"},
  {"q": "Guardian of genome = p53 gene. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "p53"},
  {"q": "Most common neoplasm in AIDS = Kaposi sarcoma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Kaposi sarcoma"},
  {"q": "Commonest paraneoplastic syndrome in carcinoma lung. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "SIADH (small cell), hypercalcemia (squamous)"},
  {"q": "Name two diseases where nuclear grooves are present. (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "Papillary thyroid carcinoma, granulosa cell tumor"},
  {"q": "Which of the following is NOT a tumour marker: (a) CEA (b) Tyrosinase (c) HLA-A (d) AFP (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) HLA-A"},
  {"q": "Which among the following is NOT an adhesion molecule: (a) Integrin (b) Selectin (c) Interferon (d) Transferrin (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) Interferon"},
  {"q": "Hamartoma refers to: (a) Tumour differentiating to >1 cell line (b) Totipotent cells (c) Mass of disorganized but mature cells indigenous to the part (d) Ectopic rests (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(c)"},
  {"q": "Guardian of genome: (i) Rb gene (ii) RAS (iii) p53 (iv) Myc (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "(iii) p53"},
  {"q": "Most reliable feature of malignant tumour: (i) Local invasion (ii) Metastasis (iii) Rapid growth (iv) Anaplasia (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "(ii) Metastasis"},
  {"q": "Which is NOT a tumour suppressor gene: (a) WT-1 (b) p53 (c) RB (d) RAS (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(d) RAS is proto-oncogene"},
  {"q": "Aflatoxin is a carcinogen for: (i) Gastric ca (ii) Lung ca (iii) Liver ca (iv) Gall bladder ca (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) Liver ca"},
  {"q": "Which patient may present with Cushing Syndrome: (i) Renal cell ca (ii) Squamous cell ca of lungs (iii) Ca breast (iv) Small cell ca of lungs (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(iv) Small cell lung ca (SIADH+Cushing)"},
  {"q": "All of the following are benign tumors EXCEPT: (a) Fibroma (b) Adenoma (c) Seminoma (d) Chondroma (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "(c) Seminoma is malignant"},

  {"q": "Define autoimmunity. Describe cause and mechanism. Give 5 examples of autoimmune disorders. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Loss of self-tolerance; SLE, RA, Hashimoto's, T1DM, MG"},
  {"q": "What is Amyloid? Describe physicochemical nature, staining reactions, and classify amyloidosis. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Beta-pleated sheet protein; Congo red apple-green birefringence"},
  {"q": "Type I Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis, IgE mediated). (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "IgE-mast cell degranulation, immediate onset"},
  {"q": "Type IV (Delayed type) Hypersensitivity reaction. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "T-cell mediated, 48-72 hr delayed, tuberculin reaction"},
  {"q": "Classification of amyloidosis / Two special stains for amyloid (Congo red, Thioflavin T). (IMS 2014)", "a": "AL, AA, ATTR types; Congo red, Thioflavin T"},
  {"q": "Name two autoimmune diseases. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "SLE, Hashimoto's thyroiditis"},
  {"q": "Classify hypersensitivity reaction. Write about delayed type hypersensitivity. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Gell-Coombs Type I-IV classification"},
  {"q": "Cell-mediated immunity / Innate immunity. (IMS 2010)", "a": "T-cell mediated response vs non-specific innate defense"},
  {"q": "Routes of transmission of AIDS. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Sexual, blood/needle, vertical (mother to child)"},
  {"q": "Healing by first intention (see also Ch 2). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Clean incised wound, minimal granulation tissue"},
  {"q": "Gaucher cell. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Crumpled tissue-paper appearance macrophage"},
  {"q": "ESR. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, marker of inflammation"},
  {"q": "CD4+ T cells. (IMS 2010)", "a": "Helper T cells, HIV target receptor"},
  {"q": "Labile cell / Stable tissue / Permanent cell. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Continuously dividing / quiescent / non-dividing cells"},
  {"q": "Neuron = permanent type of cell. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Permanent cell type"},
  {"q": "Special stain for amyloid = Congo red (apple-green birefringence under polarized light). (IMS 2014)", "a": "Congo red"},
  {"q": "Grave's disease is a type of: (a) Type I (b) Type II (c) Type III (d) Type IV hypersensitivity (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(b) Type II"},
  {"q": "Which of the following is a chemokine: (a) LTA4 (b) IL-8 (c) C5 (d) C3 (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(b) IL-8"},
  {"q": "All antibodies found in SLE EXCEPT: (i) Ab to Smith antigen (ii) Antiphospholipid Ab (iii) Abs to dsDNA (iv) Anti-GBM antibody (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(iv) Anti-GBM is Goodpasture, not SLE"},
  {"q": "Primary amyloidosis is characterised by: (i) Amyloid-associated protein (ii) Transthyretin (iii) Amyloid light chain protein (iv) Beta-amyloid protein (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) AL protein"},
  {"q": "Long-term haemodialysis associated with _______ type of amyloid (β2-microglobulin). (IMS 2015)", "a": "Beta2-microglobulin amyloid"},
  {"q": "Anti-nuclear antibody is pathognomonic of _______ (SLE). (IMS 2015)", "a": "SLE"},
  {"q": "Ankylosing spondylitis patients are usually positive for _______ HLA antigen (HLA-B27). (IMS 2015)", "a": "HLA-B27"},
  {"q": "The following cells belong to labile cells EXCEPT: (i) Surface lining cells of stomach (ii) Hepatocytes (iii) BM hematopoietic cells (iv) Ductal lining cells of salivary gland (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(ii) Hepatocytes are stable cells"},
  {"q": "All are antigen-presenting cells EXCEPT: (i) B-cells (ii) Langerhans cells (iii) Dendritic cells (iv) Macrophages (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "Trick question - all are APCs; intended: Langerhans classic"},
  {"q": "Acute serum sickness = Type _______ hypersensitivity (III). (IMS 2015)", "a": "Type III"},

  {"q": "40-year-old female, progressive weakness, koilonychia, hookworm ova. (a) Diagnosis (b) Causes (c) Lab investigations including PBS findings. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Iron deficiency anemia; microcytic hypochromic, low ferritin"},
  {"q": "Classify Anaemia. Discuss lab investigations in iron deficiency anaemia. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Low MCV/MCH, low ferritin, high TIBC"},
  {"q": "Define anaemia, classify. Blood picture and BM findings in Megaloblastic anaemia. (IMS 2010)", "a": "Macrocytic, hypersegmented neutrophils, megaloblasts in BM"},
  {"q": "Define anaemia. Classify haemolytic anaemia. Write in detail pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "HbS point mutation, sickling, vaso-occlusion, target cells"},
  {"q": "20-year-old male, Hb 5g/dl, normocytic normochromic, reticulocyte <0.2%, TLC 2100, platelet 10,000. (a) Diagnosis (b) Next investigation (c) Etiopathogenesis. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Aplastic anemia; bone marrow biopsy"},
  {"q": "Lab diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia / peripheral blood picture. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Microcytic hypochromic, low ferritin/iron, high TIBC"},
  {"q": "PBS and bone marrow picture of megaloblastic anaemia. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Macro-ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils, giant metamyelocytes"},
  {"q": "Sickle cell anaemia — pathogenesis, clinical features, lab findings. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Glutamate to valine substitution, HbS polymerization"},
  {"q": "Classify haemolytic anaemia. Describe sickle cell anaemia. (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "Intrinsic/extrinsic hemolytic anemia; sickling under hypoxia"},
  {"q": "Laboratory diagnosis of multiple myeloma. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "M-spike, Bence-Jones protein, lytic lesions, plasma cells in BM"},
  {"q": "Causes of megaloblastic anaemia / peripheral smear findings. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "B12/folate deficiency; macrocytosis, hypersegmented PMN"},
  {"q": "Classify haemolytic anaemia. Enumerate lab diagnosis of thalassaemia. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Elevated HbA2, target cells, HPLC electrophoresis"},
  {"q": "Two causes of raised ESR / two causes of raised APTT / two anticoagulants in haematology. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Infection/inflammation raise ESR; hemophilia raises APTT; EDTA/citrate"},
  {"q": "Megaloblast. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Large nucleated RBC precursor, asynchronous maturation"},
  {"q": "Define Anaemia. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Reduced Hb/RBC mass below normal for age/sex"},
  {"q": "Howell-Jolly body. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Nuclear remnant, seen post-splenectomy"},
  {"q": "Reed-Sternberg cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Owl-eye binucleate cell, CD15/CD30 positive"},
  {"q": "FAB classification of acute leukemia. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "M0-M7 AML subtypes; L1-L3 ALL"},
  {"q": "Leukemoid reaction. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Reactive marked leukocytosis, high LAP score"},
  {"q": "Peripheral smear finding in CML. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Leukocytosis, basophilia, myelocyte bulge"},
  {"q": "Laboratory diagnosis of CML. (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "BCR-ABL fusion, t(9;22), Philadelphia chromosome"},
  {"q": "Name two haematological malignancies associated with Philadelphia chromosome. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "CML, some ALL"},
  {"q": "Name the myeloproliferative disorders. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "CML, PV, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis"},
  {"q": "Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "GPI anchor deficiency, CD55/CD59 loss"},
  {"q": "Microcytes are found in: (i) IDA (ii) Megaloblastic (iii) Aplastic (iv) All of the above (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(i) IDA"},
  {"q": "Most severe form of α-thalassaemia: (a) α-thal trait (b) Hydrops fetalis (c) HbH disease (d) HbE disease (IMS 2014)", "a": "(b) Hydrops fetalis"},
  {"q": "True about sickle cell anaemia all EXCEPT: (i) Deletion of gene (ii) Replacement of glutamate with valine (iii) Change in RBC shape (iv) Seen in western Odisha (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "(i) Point mutation, not deletion"},
  {"q": "Bite cells are pathognomonic of _______ deficiency (G6PD). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "G6PD deficiency"},
  {"q": "Burkitt's lymphoma involves mutation in _______ oncogene (c-MYC). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "c-MYC"},
  {"q": "JAK2 mutation is characteristic of polycythemia vera. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Polycythemia vera"},
  {"q": "Reed-Sternberg cells are seen in _______ lymphoma (Hodgkin's). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Hodgkin's lymphoma"},

  {"q": "56-year-old male, leukocytosis, weakness, dragging sensation abdomen 6 months. (a) Diagnosis + phases (b) PBS (c) Pathogenesis — CML. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "CML; chronic/accelerated/blast phase; BCR-ABL"},
  {"q": "Peripheral blood picture of CML / CML vs leukaemoid reaction. (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "Basophilia, myelocyte bulge vs toxic granulation in LR"},
  {"q": "FAB and WHO classification of AML / ALL vs AML — difference. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Myeloblasts with Auer rods vs lymphoblasts"},
  {"q": "Burkitt lymphoma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Starry sky pattern, c-MYC translocation t(8;14)"},
  {"q": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Anti-platelet antibodies, mucocutaneous bleeding"},
  {"q": "Classify Hodgkin's disease + morphology of nodular sclerosis type. (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "Lacunar cells, birefringent collagen bands"},
  {"q": "Hodgkin vs Non-Hodgkin lymphoma — differences. (IMS 2010)", "a": "RS cells present vs absent; contiguous vs non-contiguous spread"},
  {"q": "Reed-Sternberg cell — definition and examples. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Owl-eye binucleate giant cell, Hodgkin lymphoma"},
  {"q": "Philadelphia chromosome — what condition? (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "CML"},
  {"q": "Polycythemia vera. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "JAK2 mutation, increased RBC mass"},
  {"q": "Multiple myeloma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Plasma cell neoplasm, M-spike, lytic lesions"},
  {"q": "Pancytopenia. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Reduced RBC, WBC, platelets - e.g. aplastic anemia"},
  {"q": "Causes of splenomegaly. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Portal hypertension, infections, lymphoma, leukemia"},
  {"q": "Neutropenia. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Absolute neutrophil count below normal"},
  {"q": "Two common tumours of CNS (glioblastoma, meningioma). (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Glioblastoma, meningioma"},
  {"q": "Mott cells are found in BM of patients of _______ (Multiple myeloma). (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "Multiple myeloma"},
  {"q": "Middle-aged man, TLC >1 lakh, shift to left, 6% blasts, platelet >5 lakhs. Diagnosis = CML. (IMS 2014)", "a": "CML"},

  {"q": "PCV (packed cell volume) — method of estimation and clinical importance. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Hematocrit measurement, centrifugation method"},
  {"q": "ESR (also in Ch 6 and Ch 19). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Westergren method, inflammation marker"},
  {"q": "Anticoagulants in haematology laboratory. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "EDTA, sodium citrate, heparin"},
  {"q": "Bence-Jones protein. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Free immunoglobulin light chains in urine, myeloma"},
  {"q": "Mention two causes of raised APTT / Name two anticoagulants used in haematology. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Hemophilia, DIC; heparin, warfarin"},
  {"q": "Prothrombin time assesses the _______ pathway of coagulation cascade (extrinsic). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Extrinsic pathway"},
  {"q": "Routinely used anticoagulant in haematological test (EDTA). (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "EDTA"},

  {"q": "Describe risk factors for atherosclerosis with pathogenesis and pathology of atheromatous plaque. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Response to injury hypothesis; fatty streak to fibrous plaque"},
  {"q": "Define Aneurysm. Classify. Describe pathogenesis and morphology of aortic dissection. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Cystic medial degeneration, intimal tear"},
  {"q": "56-year-old male, prolonged stabbing chest pain radiating to jaw and left arm, profuse sweating. (a) Diagnosis (b) Pathogenesis (c) Morphological changes. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "MI; coagulative necrosis, coronary thrombosis"},
  {"q": "45-year-old male, retrosternal pain, dyspnoea, sweating, ST elevation. (a) Diagnosis (b) Etiopathogenesis (c) Gross & microscopic changes (d) Cardiac biomarkers + complications. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "STEMI; troponin, CK-MB; arrhythmia/rupture"},
  {"q": "Morphology and complications of atheromatous plaque. (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "Rupture, thrombosis, calcification, hemorrhage"},
  {"q": "Rheumatic heart disease — etiopathogenesis and morphological features. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Post-streptococcal, Aschoff bodies, mitral stenosis"},
  {"q": "Aschoff's body. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Fibrinoid necrosis with Anitschkow cells, rheumatic fever"},
  {"q": "Complications of myocardial infarction. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Arrhythmia, rupture, aneurysm, heart failure"},
  {"q": "Gross and microscopic picture of infective endocarditis. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Friable vegetations, bacterial colonies, valve destruction"},
  {"q": "Vegetations of heart. (IMS 2017 Jan)", "a": "Fibrin-platelet masses on valves, infective/NBTE/Libman-Sacks"},
  {"q": "Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Hyperlipidemia, HTN, smoking, endothelial injury"},
  {"q": "Centriacinar vs panacinar emphysema (see Ch 11). (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Upper lobe smoking-related vs lower lobe A1AT deficiency"},
  {"q": "Enzyme markers in Myocardial Infarction. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Troponin I/T, CK-MB, LDH"},
  {"q": "Benign vs malignant hypertension. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Gradual onset vs accelerated with papilledema/necrosis"},
  {"q": "Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). (IMS 2012)", "a": "Segmental thrombosing vasculitis, smokers"},
  {"q": "Giant cell arteritis. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Temporal artery granulomatous vasculitis, elderly"},
  {"q": "Fallot's tetralogy. (IMS 2012)", "a": "VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH"},
  {"q": "MacCallum patch. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Endocardial lesion in rheumatic fever, left atrium"},
  {"q": "Myomalacia cordis. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Softening of myocardium post-MI, risk of rupture"},
  {"q": "Cardinal features of Tetralogy of Fallot. (IMS 2015)", "a": "VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH"},
  {"q": "Chronic alcoholism associated with: (a) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (b) Dilated cardiomyopathy (c) Restrictive cardiomyopathy (d) Infiltrative cardiomyopathy (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(b) Dilated cardiomyopathy"},
  {"q": "Berry aneurysm is seen in: (a) Brain (b) Kidney (c) Liver (d) Bone (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(a) Brain - circle of Willis"},
  {"q": "First enzyme elevated in serum after MI: (i) ALT (ii) CK (iii) AST (iv) LDH (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(ii) CK-MB (rises 4-6 hrs)"},
  {"q": "Most common primary tumour of heart: (i) Lipoma (ii) Myxoma (iii) Rhabdomyoma (iv) Haemangioma (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "(ii) Myxoma (in adults)"},
  {"q": "Most common type of intracranial aneurysm: (a) Fusiform (b) Saccular (c) Mycotic (d) Traumatic (IMS 2014)", "a": "(b) Saccular/Berry"},
  {"q": "Which is known as 'good cholesterol'? (i) LDL (ii) VLDL (iii) HDL (iv) Triglyceride (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(iii) HDL"},
  {"q": "31-year-old female with history of ARF in childhood, now fever and haemorrhagic spots under nail bed. Organism on blood culture and diagnosis? (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "Streptococcus viridans; subacute bacterial endocarditis"},

  {"q": "What are the obstructive pulmonary diseases? Describe aetiopathogenesis and morphology of bronchiectasis. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Permanent bronchial dilation, recurrent infections"},
  {"q": "Enumerate lesions in primary, secondary and progressive pulmonary TB. Most frequent extrapulmonary presentation. Non-tubercular granulomatous diseases. Draw labelled diagram of tubercle. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Ghon focus/complex, cavitary secondary TB"},
  {"q": "Discuss morphological appearance of primary pulmonary tuberculosis. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Ghon focus, hilar lymphadenopathy, Ghon complex"},
  {"q": "Define COPD. Types of emphysema / pathogenesis of emphysema. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Centriacinar/panacinar; protease-antiprotease imbalance"},
  {"q": "Centriacinar vs panacinar emphysema — differentiate. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Smoking upper lobe vs A1AT deficiency lower lobe"},
  {"q": "Causes and morphological features of bronchiectasis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Cystic fibrosis, infections; dilated bronchi with pus"},
  {"q": "Stages of lobar pneumonia. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, resolution"},
  {"q": "Etiological factors of lung cancer. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Smoking, radon, asbestos"},
  {"q": "K-W syndrome / Reid's index. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Kartagener syndrome; gland/wall thickness ratio in bronchitis"},
  {"q": "Ghon's complex / primary complex of TB. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Subpleural lesion plus hilar lymph node TB"},
  {"q": "CSF findings in tubercular meningitis (see also Ch 16). (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "Raised protein, low glucose, lymphocytic pleocytosis"},
  {"q": "Most fibrogenic dust in pneumoconiosis: (a) Coal (b) Asbestos (c) Silica (d) Beryllium (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(c) Silica"},
  {"q": "Commonest carcinoma of lung: (i) Squamous cell ca (ii) Adenocarcinoma (iii) Small cell ca (iv) None (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "(ii) Adenocarcinoma (currently most common)"},
  {"q": "Waxy hyaline membrane lining alveoli is found in: (i) Bronchial asthma (ii) ARDS (iii) Pneumonia (iv) Emphysema (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "(ii) ARDS"},
  {"q": "Not a feature of chronic bronchitis: (a) Goblet cell metaplasia (b) Squamous metaplasia (c) Smooth muscle hypertrophy (d) Mucus gland hyperplasia (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(c) Smooth muscle hypertrophy is asthma feature"},

  {"q": "Causes of Nephrotic syndrome and pathogenesis/pathology of Membranous GN. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Subepithelial deposits, spike and dome pattern"},
  {"q": "8-year-old boy, fever, oliguria, haematuria, RBC cast. Diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis and pathology — APSGN. (IMS 2013)", "a": "APSGN; subepithelial humps, immune complex"},
  {"q": "58-year-old male, non-healing foot ulcer, reduced sensation, serum creatinine 3 mg/dl, glycosuria. (a) Provisional diagnosis (b) Classify DM (c) Pathogenesis of Type 2 DM (d) Micro and macrovascular complications. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Diabetic nephropathy; Type 2 DM insulin resistance"},
  {"q": "Nephrotic vs nephritic syndrome — differences. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Heavy proteinuria vs hematuria with RBC casts"},
  {"q": "Urinary findings in post-streptococcal GN. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Hematuria, RBC casts, mild proteinuria"},
  {"q": "KW syndrome (Kimmelstiel-Wilson). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy"},
  {"q": "Write briefly on minimal change disease. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Podocyte effacement, steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome"},
  {"q": "Types of renal calculi. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine"},
  {"q": "Renal glycosuria. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Normal blood glucose with glucose in urine, tubular defect"},
  {"q": "Histological classification and morphology of renal cell carcinoma. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Clear cell type, golden yellow tumor"},
  {"q": "Wilms tumour of kidney. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Nephroblastoma, triphasic pattern, children"},
  {"q": "Diabetic nephropathy. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, GBM thickening"},
  {"q": "Proteinuria. (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "Protein loss in urine, glomerular/tubular causes"},
  {"q": "Heart failure cells seen in: lung (in left-sided HF). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Hemosiderin-laden macrophages, left heart failure"},
  {"q": "Granular contracted kidney (hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic GN). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Hypertensive nephrosclerosis/chronic GN"},
  {"q": "Urinary casts. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Tamm-Horsfall matrix; RBC/WBC/granular casts"},
  {"q": "Microalbuminuria. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Early marker of diabetic nephropathy"},
  {"q": "30/F, haemoptysis + renal failure + Anti-GBM antibodies — diagnosis (Goodpasture syndrome). (IMS 2013)", "a": "Goodpasture syndrome"},
  {"q": "Struvite renal stones composed of _______ (magnesium ammonium phosphate). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Magnesium ammonium phosphate"},
  {"q": "Most significant finding in nephritic syndrome: (a) Massive proteinuria (b) Hypercholesterolaemia (c) Red cell cast (d) Anasarca (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) Red cell cast"},
  {"q": "Most common features of nephritic syndrome include the following EXCEPT: (a) Heavy proteinuria (b) Hypertension (c) Microscopic haematuria (d) Oliguria (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(a) Heavy proteinuria is nephrotic"},

  {"q": "Describe aetiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of peptic ulcer. (IMS 2013)", "a": "H. pylori, NSAID; perforation, bleeding, malignancy"},
  {"q": "65-year-old male, melena, ulceroproliferative growth lesser curvature of stomach, left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. (a) Diagnosis (b) Classify (c) Pathogenesis and morphology (d) Microbial agent. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Gastric carcinoma; Virchow node; H. pylori"},
  {"q": "Ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease — differentiate. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Continuous mucosal vs transmural skip lesions"},
  {"q": "Barrett's oesophagus — morphological appearance, clinical significance. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Squamous to columnar/goblet cell metaplasia, GERD"},
  {"q": "Aetiopathogenesis and morphology of peptic ulcer disease. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Mucosal breach, H. pylori, acid-pepsin imbalance"},
  {"q": "Pathogenesis and morphology of gastric adenocarcinoma. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Intestinal vs diffuse (signet ring) types"},
  {"q": "Morphology of chronic gastric ulcer. (IMS 2019 Dec)", "a": "Punched-out ulcer, lesser curvature, layered base"},
  {"q": "Familial polyposis syndrome (FAP). (IMS 2012)", "a": "APC gene mutation, >100 colonic polyps"},
  {"q": "Aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Adenoma-carcinoma sequence, APC/KRAS/p53"},
  {"q": "Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Mixed epithelial and myoepithelial/mesenchymal elements"},
  {"q": "Differentiate between squamous cell papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Benign exophytic growth vs invasive malignant"},
  {"q": "Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "CD117/c-KIT positive, interstitial cells of Cajal origin"},
  {"q": "Krukenberg's tumor. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Bilateral ovarian mets, signet ring cells, gastric primary"},
  {"q": "FAP intestine associated with a minimum _______ number of polyps (100). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "100 polyps"},
  {"q": "_______ cell is diagnostic of Barrett's oesophagus (goblet cell / intestinal metaplasia). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia)"},
  {"q": "Mention 2 causes of intestinal ulceration. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "TB, Crohn's disease, typhoid"},
  {"q": "Mention two complications of ulcerative colitis. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Toxic megacolon, colorectal carcinoma"},
  {"q": "Meckel's diverticulum. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Vitelline duct remnant, rule of 2s"},
  {"q": "Male baby, day 2 of life, abdominal distension, failure to pass meconium — Hirschsprung's disease. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Absent ganglion cells, aganglionic segment"},
  {"q": "Congenital megacolon = Hirschsprung's disease. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Hirschsprung's disease"},
  {"q": "Histologic hallmark of acute appendicitis: (a) Mucosal ulceration (b) Impacted foreign body (c) Thrombosed vessels (d) Neutrophilic infiltrate in muscularis propria (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(d) Neutrophilic infiltrate in muscularis propria"},
  {"q": "Tuberculous ulcers in bowel have the following EXCEPT: (a) Begin in Peyer's patches (b) Transverse to long axis (c) Cause intestinal obstruction (d) Often cause intestinal perforation (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(d) TB rarely causes perforation"},
  {"q": "Skip lesions are characteristic of: (i) UC (ii) Salmonella (iii) Crohn's disease (iv) TB (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(iii) Crohn's disease"},
  {"q": "The nature of lesion in Barrett's oesophagus: (a) Congenital (b) Inflammatory (c) Metaplastic (d) Neoplastic (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "(c) Metaplastic"},
  {"q": "Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by / associated with: (i) C. difficile (ii) Staphylococcus (iii) Rota virus (iv) Adeno virus (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(i) C. difficile"},
  {"q": "H. pylori is associated with: (a) Peptic ulcer (b) Gastric carcinoma (c) Gastric lymphoma (d) All of the above (IMS 2019 Dec)", "a": "(d) All of the above"},

  {"q": "Define cirrhosis. Classification with macroscopic and aetiology. Gross and microscopic picture of post-necrotic/hepatitic cirrhosis. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Micronodular/macronodular; fibrosis with regenerative nodules"},
  {"q": "Make a chart on tests to assess liver function in blood, urine & stool to differentiate types of jaundice. Diagnose jaundice from chart in three clinical scenarios. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Bilirubin, ALT/AST, ALP patterns per jaundice type"},
  {"q": "Macroscopic and microscopic changes of alcoholic cirrhosis / causes of cirrhosis. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Fatty change, Mallory bodies, micronodular cirrhosis"},
  {"q": "Liver function test to differentiate obstructive and non-obstructive jaundice. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "ALP/GGT raised in obstructive; ALT/AST in hepatocellular"},
  {"q": "Gallstones — pathogenesis and types. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Cholesterol vs pigment stones, bile supersaturation"},
  {"q": "Obstructive jaundice vs haemolytic jaundice — differences. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin, stool/urine color"},
  {"q": "Cirrhosis of liver. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Diffuse fibrosis with regenerative nodules"},
  {"q": "Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (IMS 2011)", "a": "Fatty liver with inflammation, metabolic syndrome"},
  {"q": "Causes of cirrhosis. (IMS 2015)", "a": "Alcohol, viral hepatitis, NASH, autoimmune"},
  {"q": "_______ body is found in alcoholic liver disease (Mallory body / Mallory-Denk body). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Mallory-Denk body"},
  {"q": "50-year-old male, progressive yellow conjunctiva, pruritus, clay-coloured stool — diagnosis + most sensitive test. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Obstructive jaundice; imaging/ALP"},
  {"q": "_______ test is done for detection of bile salts in urine (Hay's test). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Hay's test"},
  {"q": "HBsAg positive + elevated AFP + nodular liver = Hepatocellular carcinoma. (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "Hepatocellular carcinoma"},
  {"q": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia is seen in: (a) Dubin-Johnson (b) Rotor (c) Gilbert syndrome (d) Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (IMS 2014)", "a": "(c) Gilbert syndrome"},
  {"q": "Which is a DNA virus? (i) Hepatitis A (ii) Hepatitis B (iii) Hepatitis C (iv) Hepatitis D (IMS 2016)", "a": "(ii) Hepatitis B (HBV is DNA)"},
  {"q": "_______ carcinoma of thyroid shows deposition of amyloid (Medullary carcinoma). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Medullary carcinoma"},

  {"q": "Classify ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail surface epithelial tumours. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Serous, mucinous, endometrioid cystadenomas"},
  {"q": "Germ cell tumours of ovary / classify ovarian tumours. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Teratoma, dysgerminoma, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma"},
  {"q": "Seminoma of testis — histomorphological features. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Sheets of uniform cells, lymphocytic infiltrate"},
  {"q": "Premalignant lesions of cervix. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "CIN 1-3, HPV-related dysplasia"},
  {"q": "Classify and describe morphology of teratoma ovary. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Mature/immature; dermoid cyst with skin appendages"},
  {"q": "Name two benign breast diseases and morphological findings. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change"},
  {"q": "Giant fibroadenoma. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Large benign biphasic breast tumor, young women"},
  {"q": "Paget's disease of the nipple. (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "Paget cells in epidermis, underlying ductal carcinoma"},
  {"q": "Molar pregnancy — types and pathogenesis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Complete (46,XX paternal) vs partial mole"},
  {"q": "Dysgerminoma ovary. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Ovarian counterpart of testicular seminoma"},
  {"q": "Classify Hodgkin's lymphoma. Describe morphology of each type. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-rich/depleted"},
  {"q": "10-year-old boy, thalassemia, develops gallstones — reason and gross appearance. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Pigment stones from chronic hemolysis"},
  {"q": "Krukenberg tumour. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Bilateral mucin-secreting signet ring metastases"},
  {"q": "Name germ cell tumours of the ovary. (IMS 2021 Jul)", "a": "Teratoma, dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma"},
  {"q": "Microscopic findings in Meningioma. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Whorled pattern, psammoma bodies"},
  {"q": "Nuclear features of papillary carcinoma thyroid (orphan Annie eye nuclei, nuclear grooves, psammoma bodies). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Orphan Annie eye nuclei, grooves, psammoma bodies"},
  {"q": "62-year-old female, firm irregular breast mass, retracted nipple, axillary LAP — diagnosis + investigation. (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "Invasive ductal carcinoma; mammography/biopsy"},
  {"q": "50-year-old female, friable mass in cervix bleeds on touch — diagnosis + causative agent (HPV). (IMS 2017)", "a": "Cervical carcinoma; HPV"},
  {"q": "Pheochromocytoma is characterized by nests of _______ (Zellballen pattern). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Zellballen pattern"},
  {"q": "Diploid karyotype is associated with _______ type of hydatidiform mole (complete). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Complete mole"},
  {"q": "Seminoma testis with identical tumour in ovary is called _______ (Dysgerminoma). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Dysgerminoma"},
  {"q": "Chocolate cyst of the ovary is: (a) Haemorrhagic corpus luteum (b) Ruptured luteal cyst (c) Endometriotic cyst (d) Ruptured follicular cyst (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "(c) Endometriotic cyst"},
  {"q": "Persistent exposure to which HPV is a risk factor for cervical ca: (i) HPV-12 (ii) HPV-6 (iii) HPV-16 (iv) HPV-4 (IMS 2016)", "a": "(iii) HPV-16 (also 18)"},
  {"q": "Which is NOT a germ cell tumour of ovary: (i) Teratoma (ii) Brenner tumour (iii) Choriocarcinoma (iv) Dysgerminoma (IMS 2016)", "a": "(ii) Brenner tumor - surface epithelial"},
  {"q": "Woman 55 yrs, bilateral ovarian deposits, Virchow node, periumbilical. Most likely primary: (i) Oesophagus (ii) Lungs (iii) Stomach (iv) Bone (IMS 2016)", "a": "(iii) Stomach - Krukenberg tumor"},
  {"q": "Schiller-Duval bodies are seen in _______ (Yolk sac tumour). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Yolk sac tumor"},

  {"q": "Tabulate differences in CSF findings between tubercular and pyogenic meningitis. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "High protein/low glucose both; lymphocytic vs neutrophilic"},
  {"q": "CSF findings in pyogenic meningitis. (IMS 2013)", "a": "Neutrophilic pleocytosis, high protein, low glucose"},
  {"q": "Draw a labelled diagram of schwannoma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Antoni A/B areas, Verocay bodies"},
  {"q": "Two viral meningitis causes. (IMS 2023 Feb)", "a": "Enterovirus, herpes simplex virus"},
  {"q": "20-year-old lady, positive Kernig's sign, fever, neck rigidity — diagnosis + investigation. (IMS 2017)", "a": "Meningitis; lumbar puncture/CSF analysis"},
  {"q": "Verrocay body (seen in schwannoma). (IMS 2016)", "a": "Palisaded nuclei arrangement, Antoni A area"},
  {"q": "Ischaemia of brain leads to _______ necrosis (liquefactive). (IMS 2015)", "a": "Liquefactive necrosis"},
  {"q": "Astrocytoma. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Most common primary glial brain tumor"},
  {"q": "In Alzheimer disease, accumulation of _______ protein (tau / amyloid-β). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Amyloid-beta and tau protein"},
  {"q": "55-year-old female, dura-based parasagittal tumour, syncytial pattern with Psammoma bodies — tumour? (Meningioma) (IMS 2016 Jan)", "a": "Meningioma"},

  {"q": "Define Diabetes Mellitus. Aetiological classification. Investigations in a suspected patient. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Type 1/Type 2/gestational; FBS, HbA1c, OGTT"},
  {"q": "Describe histomorphology of papillary carcinoma of thyroid. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Orphan Annie eye nuclei, psammoma bodies, papillae"},
  {"q": "Elaborate complications of Type II DM / diagnostic criteria of DM. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Micro/macrovascular complications; FBS ≥126"},
  {"q": "Differentiate between Type I and Type II DM. (IMS 2021 Feb)", "a": "Autoimmune beta-cell destruction vs insulin resistance"},
  {"q": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration, Hurthle cells"},
  {"q": "Complications of DM. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis"},
  {"q": "Diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. (IMS 2017)", "a": "FBS ≥126, RBS ≥200, HbA1c ≥6.5%"},
  {"q": "Psammoma body is found in _______ thyroid cancer (Papillary carcinoma). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Papillary carcinoma"},
  {"q": "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 includes all EXCEPT: (a) Parathyroid (b) Pancreas (c) Pineal gland (d) Pituitary (IMS 2014)", "a": "(c) Pineal gland not part of MEN1"},

  {"q": "Describe morphological features of giant cell tumour of bone. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Osteoclast-like giant cells, soap bubble appearance"},
  {"q": "Classify bone tumours according to cell of origin. Morphology of osteosarcoma. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Sunburst pattern, malignant osteoid production"},
  {"q": "Ewing's sarcoma. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Onion-skin periosteal reaction, small round blue cells"},
  {"q": "Pathology in Rheumatoid arthritis. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Pannus formation, synovial hyperplasia"},
  {"q": "Gout. (IMS 2011)", "a": "Monosodium urate crystal deposition, tophi"},
  {"q": "Name two cartilage forming tumours. (IMS 2017 Dec)", "a": "Chondroma, chondrosarcoma"},
  {"q": "20-year-old boy, metaphysis of lower femur, sunburst pattern, osteoid formation — Osteosarcoma. (IMS 2017 May)", "a": "Osteosarcoma"},
  {"q": "30-year-old male, epiphysis upper tibia, soap bubble appearance, red-brown tumour with cystic degeneration — Giant cell tumour. (IMS 2014)", "a": "Giant cell tumor of bone"},
  {"q": "Tumour osteoid is found morphologically in: (i) GCT (ii) Osteosarcoma (iii) Lymphoma (iv) MFH (IMS 2016)", "a": "(ii) Osteosarcoma"},
  {"q": "Not a feature of Osteosarcoma: (a) Lymphatic spread commonest (b) Secondary in lungs common (c) Peak age 10-25 yrs (d) Paget's disease is a cause in some (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "(a) Spreads hematogenously, not lymphatic"},
  {"q": "Tophi in gout are formed by large aggregates of _______ crystals (monosodium urate). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Monosodium urate crystals"},

  {"q": "Semen analysis. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Volume, count, motility, morphology parameters"},
  {"q": "PAP smear. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Cervical cytology screening for dysplasia/cancer"},
  {"q": "Two types of gallbladder stones. (IMS 2024 Jan)", "a": "Cholesterol stones, pigment stones"},
  {"q": "Liver function test (comprehensive). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Bilirubin, transaminases, albumin, ALP"},
  {"q": "ESR. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Westergren method, inflammation marker"},
  {"q": "Bence-Jones protein. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Free immunoglobulin light chains in urine, myeloma"},
  {"q": "Lupus vulgaris. (IMS 2012)", "a": "Cutaneous tuberculosis, apple-jelly nodules"},
  {"q": "Basal cell carcinoma. (IMS 2010)", "a": "Peripheral palisading, pearly nodule, rare metastasis"},
  {"q": "Psammoma bodies. (IMS 2016)", "a": "Concentric calcified structures - papillary thyroid, serous ovarian, meningioma"},
  {"q": "Most frequent cause of acquired mitral stenosis = Rheumatic fever. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Rheumatic fever"},
  {"q": "Diffusely infiltrating gastric cancer characterized by _______ cells (signet-ring cells). (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Signet-ring cells"},
  {"q": "Skin cancer with peripheral palisading with clefts = Basal cell carcinoma. (IMS 2024 Feb)", "a": "Basal cell carcinoma"},
  {"q": "A 14-year-old girl with short stature, amenorrhoea, absent secondary sex characteristics. Karyotyping = 45,X (Turner syndrome). (IMS 2014)", "a": "Turner syndrome"},
  {"q": "Name two diseases transmitted by parenteral route. (IMS 2019 Mar)", "a": "Hepatitis B, HIV"},
  {"q": "Libman-Sacks endocarditis of mitral valve is seen in _______ (SLE). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "SLE"},
  {"q": "Friable, bulky, destructive vegetations are seen in _______ endocarditis (infective/bacterial). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Infective/bacterial endocarditis"},
  {"q": "IgG mediated warm antibody AIHA. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Extravascular hemolysis, spherocytes"},
  {"q": "Systemic iron overload in organs and tissues = Haemochromatosis. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Haemochromatosis"},
  {"q": "Deposition of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis = Dystrophic calcification. (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Dystrophic calcification"},
  {"q": "Most common paraneoplastic syndrome (SIADH). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "SIADH"},
  {"q": "Phagocytosis efficiency is enhanced when microbes are coated by _______ (opsonins). (IMS 2022 Nov)", "a": "Opsonins (C3b, antibodies)"},
  {"q": "All the following are indigenous pigments EXCEPT: (i) Tattooing (ii) Lipofuscin (iii) Melanin (iv) Haemosiderin (IMS 2016 Aug)", "a": "(i) Tattooing is exogenous pigment"},
  {"q": "Not labile cells: (i) BM (ii) Intestinal mucosa (iii) Skin epithelium (iv) Hepatocytes (IMS 2018 Dec)", "a": "(iv) Hepatocytes are stable cells"}
]