// ============================================================
// FILE: js/data/theory/pathology/central-nervous-system/mcqs-part2.js
// SUBJECT: Pathology | CHAPTER: complete syllabus | DECK: MCQs
// ============================================================

var CARDS_Pathology_CNSDisorders_Mcqs2 = [
  {
    "q": "Ferruginous bodies are seen in\nA. Silicosis\nB. Coal workers pneumoconiosis\nC. Asbestosis\nD. Sarcoidosis",
    "a": "C. Asbestosis\n\nFerruginous bodies are asbestos fibres coated with iron-protein complex, the histologic hallmark of asbestosis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Collar button lesions are seen in\nA. Bronchial adenoma\nB. Bronchial carcinoid\nC. Adenocarcinoma lung\nD. Tb bronchus",
    "a": "D. Tb bronchus\n\nTuberculosis classically produces collar-stud (collar button) abscesses due to caseous necrosis tracking through tissue planes.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Tzanck test demonstrates intranuclear viral inclusions of Herpes as\nA. Acidophillic\nB. Basophillic\nC. Eosinphillic\nD. Ground Glass inclusions",
    "a": "A. Acidophillic\n\nHerpes produces Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions that are classically acidophilic (eosinophilic) on Tzanck smear.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Around 80% of Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity are due to\nA. HPV-12\nB. HPV-14\nC. HPV-15\nD. HPV-16",
    "a": "D. HPV-16\n\nHPV-16 is the high-risk genotype most strongly linked to HPV-associated oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common risk factor for Warthin's tumour is\nA. Alcoholism\nB. Smoking\nC. HPV- infection\nD. HIV – infection",
    "a": "B. Smoking\n\nWarthin's tumour (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum) shows a strong association with cigarette smoking.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Longitudinal mucosal tears near gastro-esophageal junction are called\nA. Boerhaeve syndrome\nB. Mallory-weiss syndrome\nC. Barret's esophagus\nD. Variceal tear",
    "a": "B. Mallory-weiss syndrome\n\nMallory-Weiss tears are longitudinal mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction, typically from severe retching/vomiting.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The cytotoxin in H.Pylori is\nA. Cag-A\nB. Cag-B\nC. Cag-C\nD. Cag-D",
    "a": "A. Cag-A\n\nCagA is the cytotoxin-associated gene A protein injected into gastric epithelial cells, promoting carcinogenesis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Intestinal type gastric cancers are strongly associated with mutations in\nA. ALK-pathway\nB. NOTCH signalling\nC. WNT signalling\nD. CDKN pathway",
    "a": "C. WNT signalling\n\nIntestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma is strongly linked to activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Peutz-Jegher's syndrome is a\nA. Malignant polyp\nB. Sessile polyp\nC. Hamartamatous polyp\nD. Hyperplastic polyp",
    "a": "C. Hamartamatous polyp\n\nPeutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by benign hamartomatous polyps of the GI tract with mucocutaneous pigmentation.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Laennec cirrhosis is\nA. Macronodular cirrhosis\nB. Micronodular cirrhosis\nC. Cardiac cirrhosis\nD. Infantile cirrhosis",
    "a": "B. Micronodular cirrhosis\n\nLaennec's (alcoholic) cirrhosis classically produces uniform, small (<3mm) regenerative nodules — micronodular cirrhosis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common altered oncogene in pancreatic cancers is\nA. BRAF\nB. KRAS\nC. BMPR\nD. EGFR",
    "a": "B. KRAS\n\nKRAS mutation is found in >90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, making it the most common oncogenic alteration.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The fluorescent microscopy changes in minimal change disease seen is\nA. IgG and C3\nB. IgG and C4\nC. C3 and C4\nD. Negative",
    "a": "D. Negative\n\nMinimal change disease shows no immune deposits on immunofluorescence; podocyte foot process effacement is only seen on EM.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Thyroidisation is a classical feature of\nA. TB pyelonephritis\nB. Chronic pyelonephritis\nC. Acute pyelonephritis\nD. Interstitial nephritis",
    "a": "B. Chronic pyelonephritis\n\nThyroidisation refers to atrophic tubules filled with eosinophilic colloid-like casts, resembling thyroid follicles, seen in chronic pyelonephritis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Schiller- Duvall bodies are classically seen in\nA. Teratomas\nB. Choriocarcinomas\nC. Yolk sac tumour\nD. Seminomas",
    "a": "C. Yolk sac tumour\n\nSchiller-Duval bodies are glomeruloid perivascular structures characteristic of yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumour.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022, Mar 2025, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Condyloma acuminatum are caused by\nA. High risk HPV\nB. Low risk HPV\nC. Herpes simplex\nD. HIV",
    "a": "B. Low risk HPV\n\nCondyloma acuminatum (genital warts) are caused by low-risk HPV types, chiefly HPV 6 and 11.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The tumour suppressor gene inactivation seen in endometrial hyperplasia is\nA. BRAF\nB. ERBB\nC. PTEN\nD. NOTCH",
    "a": "C. PTEN\n\nPTEN inactivation is the most common genetic alteration in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The commonest mutations seen in carcinoma breast involves\nA. PTEN\nB. BRAF\nC. BRCA\nD. ERBB",
    "a": "C. BRCA\n\nBRCA1/BRCA2 mutations are the classic and most commonly tested genetic alteration associated with hereditary breast carcinoma.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis is caused by breakdown in\nA. TSH\nB. Self tolerance to thyroid autoantigens\nC. CD4 Cells\nD. CD8 Cells",
    "a": "B. Self tolerance to thyroid autoantigens\n\nHashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease resulting from a breakdown of self-tolerance to thyroid antigens.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Medullary thyroid carcinomas secrete\nA. Insulin\nB. Growth hormone\nC. Calcitonin\nD. Glucagon",
    "a": "C. Calcitonin\n\nMedullary thyroid carcinoma arises from parafollicular C cells, which secrete calcitonin — used as a tumour marker.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "RANKL gene is expressed in\nA. Enchondroma\nB. Osteosarcoma\nC. Chondrosarcoma\nD. Giant cell tumour of bone",
    "a": "D. Giant cell tumour of bone\n\nGiant cell tumour of bone shows RANKL overexpression by neoplastic stromal cells, driving osteoclast-like giant cell recruitment.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Sheehan's syndrome is:\nA. Irradiation damage of pituitary gland\nB. Scarred pituitary adenoma\nC. Post partum pituitary necrosis\nD. Surgical removal of pituitary gland",
    "a": "C. Post partum pituitary necrosis\n\nSheehan's syndrome is postpartum ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland following severe obstetric hemorrhage/hypotension.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Major criteria in the modified Jones' criteria include the following except:\nA. Carditis\nB. Polyarthritis\nC. Raised C-reactive protein\nD. Subcutaneous nodules",
    "a": "C. Raised C-reactive protein\n\nRaised CRP is a minor criterion in the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever, not a major one.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Bronchial carcinoid arises from:\nA. Columnar ciliated epithelium\nB. Goblet cells\nC. Kulchitsky cells\nD. Alveolar lining cells",
    "a": "C. Kulchitsky cells\n\nBronchial carcinoid tumours arise from Kulchitsky (neuroendocrine) cells of the bronchial mucosa.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Bronchogenic carcinoma has increased incidence in the following pneumoconiosis:\nA. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis\nB. Silicosis\nC. Asbestosis\nD. Bagassosis",
    "a": "C. Asbestosis\n\nAsbestos exposure is classically and strongly associated with an increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma (and mesothelioma).",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Emphysema associated most often with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is:\nA. Panacinar\nB. Centriacinar\nC. Distal acinar\nD. Irregular",
    "a": "A. Panacinar\n\nAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency classically causes panacinar (panlobular) emphysema, typically affecting lower lobes.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Wegener's granulomatosis generally produces lesions in the following tissues except:\nA. Nose\nB. Ears\nC. Lungs\nD. Kidneys",
    "a": "B. Ears\n\nGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) classically involves the upper respiratory tract (nose), lungs, and kidneys; ear involvement is not classical.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis occurs most often in association with the following:\nA. Shigella dysentery\nB. Candida enterocolitis\nC. Cephalosporin antibiotics\nD. Clostridial food poisoning",
    "a": "C. Cephalosporin antibiotics\n\nBroad-spectrum antibiotics like cephalosporins disrupt normal gut flora, allowing Clostridioides difficile overgrowth and pseudomembranous colitis.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Chronic carrier state of the following hepatotropic virus infection is observed in the following except:\nA. HAV\nB. HBV\nC. HCV\nD. HDV",
    "a": "A. HAV\n\nHepatitis A is an acute, self-limited infection with no chronic carrier state, unlike HBV, HCV, and HDV.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The following conditions have unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia except:\nA. Dubin-Johnson syndrome\nB. Crigler-Najjar syndrome\nC. Jaundice of prematurity\nD. Gilbert syndrome",
    "a": "A. Dubin-Johnson syndrome\n\nDubin-Johnson syndrome causes conjugated (direct) hyperbilirubinemia due to defective hepatocyte excretion of bilirubin, unlike the others which are unconjugated.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 40 years old woman presents with fever, malaise, signs of jaundice, clay-coloured stools, and high-coloured urine for 10 days. A liver biopsy reveals hepatocyte drop out necrosis, focal inflammation and ballooning degeneration and a few intensely eosinophilic oval bodies are found. What are these microscopic bodies called?\nA. Councilman bodies\nB. Mallory bodies\nC. Psammoma bodies\nD. Russell bodies",
    "a": "A. Councilman bodies\n\nCouncilman bodies are eosinophilic apoptotic hepatocytes seen in viral hepatitis, representing individual cell (apoptotic) necrosis.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common features of nephritic syndrome include the following except:\nA. Heavy proteinuria\nB. Hypertension\nC. Microscopic haematuria\nD. Oliguria",
    "a": "A. Heavy proteinuria\n\nHeavy (nephrotic-range) proteinuria is a feature of nephrotic syndrome, not the classic nephritic syndrome triad of hematuria, hypertension and oliguria.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Basement membrane material in membranous glomerulonephritis appears as:\nA. Dense deposits\nB. Spikes protruding from GBM\nC. Double-contoured\nD. Tram-track",
    "a": "B. Spikes protruding from GBM\n\nMembranous GN shows subepithelial immune deposits with intervening basement membrane spikes on silver stain, giving a 'spike and dome' appearance.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Schiller- Duvall bodies are classically seen in\nA. Teratoma\nB. Choriocarcinoma\nC. Yolk sac tumour\nD. Seminomas",
    "a": "C. Yolk sac tumour\n\nSchiller-Duval bodies are glomeruloid perivascular structures characteristic of yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumour.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022, Mar 2025, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Chocolate cyst of the ovary is:\nA. Haemorrhagic corpus luteum\nB. Ruptured luteal cyst\nC. Endometriotic cyst\nD. Ruptured follicular cyst",
    "a": "C. Endometriotic cyst\n\nA chocolate cyst is an endometriotic (endometrioma) ovarian cyst filled with old, altered blood giving a chocolate-brown appearance.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 60 years old woman reports to physician for progressive fatigue, loss of appetite and malaise for the last 2 months. An upper GI endoscopy reveals an ulcerative mass located along the lesser curvature. CT scan of the abdomen shows bilateral ovarian masses. Which of the following condition this patient is most likely to have?\nA. Ampullary carcinoma\nB. Krukenberg tumour\nC. Serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary\nD. Endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine body",
    "a": "B. Krukenberg tumour\n\nBilateral ovarian metastases from a primary gastric (lesser curvature) mucin-secreting signet-ring cell carcinoma define a Krukenberg tumour.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "The following type of carcinoma of the breast is characterised by 'Indian file' pattern of tumour cells:\nA. Infiltrating duct carcinoma\nB. Invasive lobular carcinoma\nC. Medullary carcinoma\nD. Tubular carcinoma",
    "a": "B. Invasive lobular carcinoma\n\nInvasive lobular carcinoma classically infiltrates in single-file (Indian file) linear cords due to loss of E-cadherin.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "Characteristic inclusions seen in parkinsonism are:\nA. Hirano bodies\nB. Neurofibrillary tangle\nC. Negri bodies\nD. Lewy bodies",
    "a": "D. Lewy bodies\n\nLewy bodies are eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions composed of alpha-synuclein, characteristic of Parkinson disease.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022"
  },
  {
    "q": "A characteristic finding in sputum of patients with Atopic asthma is\nA) Keyser flescher ring\nB) Curschmann spirals\nC) Hyaline bodies\nD) Ferruginous bodies",
    "a": "B) Curschmann spirals\n\nCurschmann spirals are mucous plugs shed from bronchioles, a classic sputum finding in bronchial asthma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023, Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common tumour suppressor gene lost in Malignant mesothelioma is\nA) BRAF\nB) JAK-STAT\nC) CDKN2A\nD) RET",
    "a": "C) CDKN2A\n\nCDKN2A (p16) deletion is the most common genetic alteration in malignant mesothelioma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Carotid body tumour is typically\nA) Sympathetic paraganglioma\nB) Parasympathetic paraganglioma\nC) Incidentaloma\nD) Glomus jugulare",
    "a": "B) Parasympathetic paraganglioma\n\nCarotid body tumours are parasympathetic paragangliomas arising from chemoreceptor cells at the carotid bifurcation.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hirschsprung disease requires histologic confirmation of loss of\nA) Muscularis\nB) Ganglion cells\nC) Villi\nD) Stromal layer",
    "a": "B) Ganglion cells\n\nHirschsprung disease is due to failure of neural crest cell migration, resulting in absence of ganglion cells in the distal bowel (aganglionosis).",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus requires endoscopic evidence of metaplastic columnar mucosa\nA) At the OG junction\nB) Above the OG junction\nC) Below the OG junction\nD) In the hilum",
    "a": "B) Above the OG junction\n\nBarrett's esophagus is defined by intestinal (columnar) metaplasia extending above the gastroesophageal junction into the tubular esophagus.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Peutz-jeghers syndrome is\nA) Autosomal dominant\nB) Autosomal recessive\nC) X-Linked recessive\nD) X-Linked Dominant",
    "a": "A) Autosomal dominant\n\nPeutz-Jeghers syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern due to STK11 gene mutation.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Fibrin ring non caseating granulomas in liver is seen in\nA) Hepatoma\nB) Drug induced liver injury\nC) Cirrhosis\nD) Budd-Chiari syndrome",
    "a": "B) Drug induced liver injury\n\nFibrin-ring granulomas in the liver are classically seen with drug-induced liver injury (e.g., allopurinol) as well as Q fever.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is one of the main causes for\nA) Alport's syndrome\nB) Nephrotic syndrome\nC) Meig's syndrome\nD) Goodpasture syndrome",
    "a": "B) Nephrotic syndrome\n\nFSGS is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome, especially in adults.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Chromophobe Renal cell carcinoma, the cell of origin is thought to be\nA) Foot processes\nB) Mesangium\nC) Intercalated cell of collecting duct\nD) Parietal epithelium",
    "a": "C) Intercalated cell of collecting duct\n\nChromophobe RCC is believed to arise from the intercalated cells of the collecting duct.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Painful hematuria is most common symptom of\nA) Renal Calculi\nB) Penile tumours\nC) Bladder cancers\nD) Prostatic cancers",
    "a": "A) Renal Calculi\n\nRenal/ureteric calculi classically present with painful hematuria, while bladder and prostate malignancies more often present with painless hematuria.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "An identical tumour arising in the ovary, similar to Seminoma testes is\nA) Yolk sac tumour\nB) Embryonal carcinoma\nC) Dysgerminoma\nD) Teratoma",
    "a": "C) Dysgerminoma\n\nDysgerminoma is the ovarian counterpart of testicular seminoma, histologically and biologically identical.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "One of the theories of pathogenesis holds good for Endometriosis\nA) Pascal's theory\nB) Gleason's theory\nC) Regurgitation theory\nD) Polypoid theory",
    "a": "C) Regurgitation theory\n\nSampson's retrograde (regurgitation) theory proposes that menstrual endometrium refluxes through the fallopian tubes to implant ectopically.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "One complication of Monochorionic twin pregnancy is\nA) Hydrops fetalis\nB) Chorangioma\nC) Twin- Twin Transfusion syndrome\nD) Down's syndrome",
    "a": "C) Twin- Twin Transfusion syndrome\n\nMonochorionic twins share placental vascular anastomoses, predisposing to twin-twin transfusion syndrome.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "HER2 positive breast cancers have their HER2 gene amplification on\nA) Chromosome 17q\nB) Chromosome 5p\nC) Chromosome 7p\nD) Chromosome 11q",
    "a": "A) Chromosome 17q\n\nThe HER2/neu (ERBB2) gene is located on chromosome 17q and is amplified in HER2-positive breast cancers.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "A functioning corticotroph adenoma producing adrenal hypersecretion of cortisol leads to\nA) Cushing's syndrome\nB) Conn syndrome\nC) Phaeochromocytoma\nD) Empty sella syndrome",
    "a": "A) Cushing's syndrome\n\nA corticotroph (ACTH-secreting) pituitary adenoma stimulates excess adrenal cortisol production, producing Cushing's syndrome (specifically Cushing's disease).",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hurthle cells represent a response to chronic follicular epithelial injury called as\nA) Dysplastic\nB) Metaplastic\nC) Anaplastic\nD) Dystrophic response",
    "a": "B) Metaplastic\n\nHurthle (oxyphil) cells arise as a metaplastic change of thyroid follicular epithelium in response to chronic injury, as in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "The gene defects in Type 2 Diabetes are seen in\nA) BRAF\nB) MODY\nC) RET\nD) KRAS",
    "a": "B) MODY\n\nMODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) genes represent monogenic defects implicated in diabetes pathogenesis among the given options.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "The histologic hallmark of Mycosis fungoides is\nA) Tombstone appearance\nB) Loss of rete ridges\nC) Pautrier microabscesses\nD) Lichenosis",
    "a": "C) Pautrier microabscesses\n\nPautrier microabscesses (intraepidermal collections of neoplastic T cells) are the histologic hallmark of mycosis fungoides.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Activation of osteoprogenitors in healing of fractures is by\nA) TGF-α\nB) PDGF\nC) ILN-γ\nD) IL-6",
    "a": "B) PDGF\n\nPlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) released from the initial hematoma activates osteoprogenitor cells during fracture healing.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Lewy bodies are characteristically seen in\nA) Multiple sclerosis\nB) Alzheimer's disease\nC) Parkinson disease\nD) Prion disease",
    "a": "C) Parkinson disease\n\nLewy bodies are eosinophilic alpha-synuclein intracytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of Parkinson disease.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Honey comb fibrosis of the lung is seen in\nA) End stage fibrotic lung\nB) Organised fibrosis of the lung\nC) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\nD) Intertitial lung disease",
    "a": "A) End stage fibrotic lung\n\nHoneycomb lung represents an end-stage, nonspecific pattern of pulmonary fibrosis, seen in the terminal stage of many chronic interstitial lung diseases.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Onion skin fibrosis is seen in\nA) primary sclerosing cholangitis\nB) primary biliary cirrhosis\nC) extra hepatic biliary atresia\nD) chronic hepatitis",
    "a": "A) primary sclerosing cholangitis\n\nPrimary sclerosing cholangitis shows characteristic concentric 'onion-skin' periductal fibrosis around bile ducts.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Lepidic growth pattern is seen in which tumor\nA) metastatic prostratic carcinoma\nB) adenocarcinoma of lung\nC) renal cell carcinoma\nD) neuro endocrine tumor",
    "a": "B) adenocarcinoma of lung\n\nLepidic growth pattern (tumour cells spreading along intact alveolar septa) is a subtype of pulmonary adenocarcinoma.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Physaliferous cells is seen in\nA) sacrococcygeal teratoma\nB) chordoma\nC) high grade pleomorphic sarcoma\nD) choroid plexus papilloma",
    "a": "B) chordoma\n\nPhysaliferous ('bubble-bearing') cells with vacuolated cytoplasm are the characteristic cell type of chordoma, arising from notochord remnants.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Splendore hoeppli phenomenon is seen in\nA) rhinosporidiosis\nB) mucormycosis\nC) actinomycosis\nD) maduramycosis",
    "a": "C) actinomycosis\n\nThe Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon (eosinophilic material around sulfur granules) is classically described with Actinomyces infection.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Zymogen granules is seen in which tumor of salivary gland\nA) acinic cell carcinoma\nB) adenoid cystic carcinoma\nC) mucoepidermoid carcinoma\nD) pleomorphic adenoma",
    "a": "A) acinic cell carcinoma\n\nAcinic cell carcinoma of the salivary gland recapitulates serous acinar cells, which contain characteristic PAS-positive zymogen granules.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Linitis plastica is seen in\nA) carcinoma pharynx\nB) carcinoma oesophagus\nC) carcinoma stomach\nD) carcinoma colon",
    "a": "C) carcinoma stomach\n\nLinitis plastica (diffuse infiltrative 'leather bottle' stomach) is caused by diffuse-type gastric carcinoma infiltrating the gastric wall.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by\nA) Clostridium difficile\nB) Clostridium tetani\nC) Tropheryma whippeli\nD) Necator duodenale",
    "a": "A) Clostridium difficile\n\nPseudomembranous colitis is caused by toxin-producing Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, typically following antibiotic use.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Toxic megacolon is seen in\nA) indeterminate colitis\nB) lymphocytic colitis\nC) ulcerative colitis\nD) crohns disease",
    "a": "C) ulcerative colitis\n\nToxic megacolon is a life-threatening complication most classically associated with severe ulcerative colitis.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Puetz jeghers syndrome is due to\nA) loss of function mutation of stk11 gene\nB) loss of function mutation of smad4 gene\nC) loss of function mutation of apc gene\nD) loss of function mutation of snk gene",
    "a": "A) loss of function mutation of stk11 gene\n\nPeutz-Jeghers syndrome results from germline loss-of-function mutations in the STK11 (LKB1) tumour suppressor gene.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Groung glass hepatocytes is seen in\nA) Hepatitis B virus\nB) Hepatitis C virus\nC) Hepatitis A virus\nD) Hepatitis D virus",
    "a": "A) Hepatitis B virus\n\nGround-glass hepatocytes contain abundant HBsAg accumulated in the smooth ER, characteristic of chronic hepatitis B carrier state.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "AI anti trypsin deficiency is due to\nA) mutation in pax gene\nB) mutation in pizz polypeptide\nC) mutation in at1 gene\nD) mutation in mrp2 gene",
    "a": "B) mutation in pizz polypeptide\n\nAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency results from the mutant PiZZ allele, causing misfolded protein accumulation within hepatocytes.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Glomerular filtration barrier is induced by all except\nA) cd2ap\nB) hyalin\nC) nephrin\nD) podocin",
    "a": "B) hyalin\n\nCD2AP, nephrin, and podocin are structural/functional slit-diaphragm proteins of the glomerular filtration barrier; hyalin is not a component of this barrier.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Polycystic kidney disease is due to mutation in\ni) polycystin 1 ii) polycystin 2 iii) nephrocystin iv) fibrocystin\nA) i, ii\nB) i, ii, iii\nC) i, iii\nD) i, ii, iii, iv",
    "a": "A) i, ii\n\nAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease results from mutations in PKD1 (polycystin-1) and PKD2 (polycystin-2); nephrocystin causes nephronophthisis, a distinct entity.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Michaelis gutamann bodies is seen in\nA) cystitis glandularis\nB) squamous metaplasia of gall bladder\nC) malakoplakia\nD) actinomycosis",
    "a": "C) malakoplakia\n\nMichaelis-Gutmann bodies are laminated, calcified inclusions within macrophages, pathognomonic of malakoplakia.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "AMACR stands for\nA) Anti Methionine and Cycin Rnases\nB) Alpha Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemase\nC) Anti Methionine and Citrate and Reductase\nD) Alpha Methyl Acetyl Carboxyl Racemase",
    "a": "B) Alpha Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemase\n\nAMACR (alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, also called P504S) is an immunohistochemical marker overexpressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Call exner bodies are seen in\nA) Granulosa cell tumor\nB) Granular cell tumor\nC) Sertoli leydig cell tumor\nD) Fibrothecoma",
    "a": "A) Granulosa cell tumor\n\nCall-Exner bodies are small follicle-like structures filled with eosinophilic material, characteristic of granulosa cell tumour of the ovary.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Young syndrome composed of the following except\nA) Brochiectasis\nB) Situs inversus\nC) Sinusitis\nD) Azoospermia",
    "a": "B) Situs inversus\n\nSitus inversus is a feature of Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia), not Young syndrome, which comprises bronchiectasis, sinusitis, and obstructive azoospermia.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Orphan annie eye nuclei is seen in\nA) Papillary carcinoma thyroid\nB) Medullary carcinoma thyroid\nC) Follicular carcinoma thyroid\nD) Anaplastic carcinoma thyroid",
    "a": "A) Papillary carcinoma thyroid\n\nOrphan Annie eye nuclei (clear, empty-appearing nuclei with peripheral chromatin) are a classic nuclear feature of papillary thyroid carcinoma.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Crooke hyaline change is seen in\nA) Hypercortisolism\nB) Corticotropic adenoma\nC) Both of the above\nD) None of the above",
    "a": "C) Both of the above\n\nCrooke's hyaline change (accumulation of cytokeratin filaments in corticotrophs) occurs in both endogenous/exogenous hypercortisolism and in corticotroph adenomas.",
    "asked": "Jul 2023"
  },
  {
    "q": "Centrilobular emphysema is seen in\nA) Silicosis\nB) Asbestosis\nC) Anthracosis\nD) Berylliosis",
    "a": "C) Anthracosis\n\nCoal workers' pneumoconiosis (anthracosis) is classically associated with focal/centrilobular (centriacinar) emphysema around dust macules.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Langerhans cells are\nA) Mature dendritic cell\nB) Immature dendritic cell\nC) Mast cell\nD) Modified nerve cell",
    "a": "B) Immature dendritic cell\n\nLangerhans cells are immature dendritic cells residing in the epidermis, which mature and migrate to lymph nodes upon antigen capture.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Mesotheliomas are\nA) Silicosis related\nB) Asbestosis related\nC) Anthracosis related\nD) Berylliosis related",
    "a": "B) Asbestosis related\n\nMalignant mesothelioma is strongly and classically associated with asbestos exposure.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Gastroesophageal varices are due to\nA) Stomach cancers\nB) Duodenal ulcers\nC) Portal hypertension\nD) Hepatitis",
    "a": "C) Portal hypertension\n\nEsophagogastric varices develop from portosystemic collateral dilation as a consequence of portal hypertension, typically due to cirrhosis.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Lesions in crohn's disease are\nA) Limited to mucosa\nB) Limited to stroma\nC) Limited to submucosa\nD) Transmural",
    "a": "D) Transmural\n\nCrohn's disease characteristically causes transmural inflammation affecting the full thickness of the bowel wall, unlike the mucosa-limited ulcerative colitis.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "One of the commonest pathways involving colonic carcinogenesis is\nA) APC/β-Catenin pathway\nB) WNT pathway\nC) NOTCH Pathway\nD) P13K pathway",
    "a": "A) APC/β-Catenin pathway\n\nThe APC/β-catenin (adenoma-carcinoma) pathway is the most common molecular pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A predominant feature of alcoholic liver disease is\nA) Florid duct lesion\nB) Macrovesicular steatosis\nC) Von Meyenberg complex\nD) Cholangitis",
    "a": "B) Macrovesicular steatosis\n\nMacrovesicular (large droplet) fatty change of hepatocytes is the earliest and most predominant feature of alcoholic liver disease.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Klatskin tumours are seen in\nA) Pancreas\nB) Stomach\nC) Liver\nD) Colon",
    "a": "C) Liver\n\nKlatskin tumours are perihilar cholangiocarcinomas arising at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common mutations in cystic neoplasms of pancreas is\nA) RET\nB) BRAF\nC) BRCA\nD) KRAS",
    "a": "D) KRAS\n\nKRAS mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration found in cystic neoplasms of the pancreas, as in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "MPGN shows deposits in electron microscopy in\nA) Sub epithelial\nB) Subendothelial\nC) Foot processes\nD) No deposits",
    "a": "B) Subendothelial\n\nMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (type I) characteristically shows subendothelial immune complex deposits on EM.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis is related to\nA) IgM\nB) IgA\nC) IgG4\nD) IgG2",
    "a": "C) IgG4\n\nIdiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is now recognized as part of the IgG4-related sclerosing disease spectrum.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Carcinosarcomas occur in\nA) Pre-menopausal women\nB) Post-menopausal women\nC) Adolescent girls\nD) Nulliparous",
    "a": "B) Post-menopausal women\n\nUterine carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed Müllerian tumour) typically occurs in post-menopausal women.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Women with preeclampsia have decreased\nA) FGF\nB) VEGF\nC) PDGF\nD) TGF",
    "a": "B) VEGF\n\nPreeclampsia is associated with reduced free VEGF due to increased anti-angiogenic factors (e.g., sFlt-1), contributing to endothelial dysfunction.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Phyllodes tumour have mutations in\nA) BRAF\nB) KRAS\nC) MED12\nD) RET",
    "a": "C) MED12\n\nMED12 mutations are frequently identified in fibroepithelial breast tumours, including phyllodes tumour and fibroadenoma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common type of pituitary adenoma is\nA) Gonadotroph\nB) Corticotroph\nC) Somatotroph\nD) Lactotroph",
    "a": "D) Lactotroph\n\nLactotroph (prolactin-secreting) adenomas are the most common functioning pituitary adenoma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The melanoma which is unrelated to sun exposure is\nA) Lentigo type\nB) Superficial spreading type\nC) Acral type\nD) Mucosal Melanomas",
    "a": "C) Acral type\n\nAcral lentiginous melanoma occurs on palms, soles, and nail beds and is not related to UV/sun exposure.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Mosaic pattern of lamellar bone is pathognomonic of\nA) Osteopenia\nB) Osteoporosis\nC) Paget's disease\nD) Rheumatoid arthritis",
    "a": "C) Paget's disease\n\nThe mosaic pattern of lamellar bone (jigsaw-puzzle appearance of cement lines) is pathognomonic of Paget's disease of bone.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Subacute combined degeneration of the cord is a result of\nA) Vit B1 deficiency\nB) Vit B6 deficiency\nC) Vit B12 deficiency\nD) Vit B9 deficiency",
    "a": "C) Vit B12 deficiency\n\nSubacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, affecting the dorsal columns and corticospinal tracts, results from vitamin B12 deficiency.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "The critical initiating event for the development of Alzheimer's disease is\nA) Tau protein\nB) Aβ generation\nC) Amyloid formation\nD) Neuritic plaque formation",
    "a": "B) Aβ generation\n\nAccumulation and abnormal processing of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is considered the critical initiating event in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis (amyloid cascade hypothesis).",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Flexner-wintersteiner rosettes are seen in\nA) Lymphoma\nB) Uveal melanoma\nC) Retinitis pigmentosa\nD) Retinoblastoma",
    "a": "D) Retinoblastoma\n\nFlexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, showing tumour cells arranged around a central lumen, are characteristic of retinoblastoma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Post MI day 10 which enzyme is raised\nA) CPK\nB) Troponin\nC) LDH\nD) Myoglobin",
    "a": "C) LDH\n\nLDH remains elevated for up to 10-14 days post-MI, long after CPK, myoglobin, and troponin have peaked and started declining.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which valve is most commonly involved in prosthetic valve endocarditis\nA) Mitral valve\nB) Tricuspid valve\nC) Aortic valve\nD) Pulmonary valve",
    "a": "C) Aortic valve\n\nThe aortic valve is the most commonly involved valve in prosthetic valve endocarditis.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most commonly affected age group in rheumatic fever\nA) 15-25 years\nB) 25-35 years\nC) 5-15 years\nD) 35-45years",
    "a": "C) 5-15 years\n\nAcute rheumatic fever most commonly affects children and adolescents aged 5-15 years.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 50 year old man presents to emergency department with chest pain and syncope. Physician suspects coronary pathology. Coronary arteriography shows significant atherosclerotic involvement of left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. Which of the following provides major proliferative stimuli for the cellular components of atherosclerotic plaques?\nA) Neutrophils\nB) Eosinophils\nC) Platelets\nD) Erythrocytes",
    "a": "C) Platelets\n\nActivated platelets release growth factors (e.g., PDGF) that drive smooth muscle cell proliferation, a key proliferative stimulus in atherosclerotic plaque formation.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Endoscopic biopsy shows intraepithelial lymphocytes in all the following conditions except\nA) Celiac disease\nB) Viral enteritis\nC) Giardiasis\nD) Campylobacter entercolitis",
    "a": "D) Campylobacter entercolitis\n\nIncreased intraepithelial lymphocytes are typically seen in celiac disease, viral enteritis, and giardiasis; Campylobacter colitis is characterized more by neutrophilic infiltration rather than IEL-predominant injury.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Angiodysplasia is most commonly seen in which part of colon\nA) Cecum\nB) Transverse colon\nC) Sigmoid colon\nD) Rectum",
    "a": "A) Cecum\n\nAngiodysplasia (vascular ectasia) most commonly occurs in the cecum and right (ascending) colon.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 20-year-old man is healthy but has a family history of colon cancer. He undergoes colonoscopy and there are over 200 tubular adenomas ranging in size from 0.2 to 1 cm on gross inspection. Which of the following genetic diseases is he most likely to have?\nA) Hereditary non-polyposis colon carcinoma syndrome\nB) PTEN-associated syndrome\nC) Peutz-Jeghers syndrome\nD) Adenomatous polyposis coli",
    "a": "D) Adenomatous polyposis coli\n\nHundreds of tubular adenomas throughout the colon is characteristic of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (APC gene mutation).",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 25-year-old male presented with intermittent cramping abdominal pain, fever and low-volume diarrhea. A colonoscopy reveals mucosal edema and patchy ulceration in the ascending colon. Which of the following serological marker is positive in this case?\nA) Perinuclear anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies\nB) Anti endomysial antibodies\nC) Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies\nD) Anti smooth muscle antibody",
    "a": "C) Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies\n\nPatchy, skip-lesion type colitis suggests Crohn's disease, which is serologically associated with ASCA positivity (unlike ulcerative colitis, which is p-ANCA positive).",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A patient with an elevated serum alpha fetoprotein undergoes resection of a liver mass. The mass has the following features: crowded cells growing in thick (4 or more cells) cords/plates, occasional mitoses, an absence of normal bile ducts, and necrosis. Which is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis?\nA) Hepatocellular adenoma\nB) Cholangiocarcinoma\nC) Focal nodular hyperplasia\nD) Hepatocellular carcinoma",
    "a": "D) Hepatocellular carcinoma\n\nThickened (>3-4 cell) trabecular/cord growth pattern, absent bile ducts, and elevated AFP are classic features of hepatocellular carcinoma.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "On reviewing a liver biopsy specimen, the following features are identified: steatosis, Mallory bodies, and acute inflammation. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis?\nA) Primary biliary cirrhosis\nB) Acetaminophen overdose\nC) Herpetic hepatitis\nD) Alcohol-related liver disease",
    "a": "D) Alcohol-related liver disease\n\nSteatosis with Mallory-Denk bodies and neutrophilic inflammation is the classic triad of alcoholic hepatitis.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following statements BEST DESCRIBES genetic hemochromatosis?\nA) Iron deficiency anemia develops from a mutation in the HFE gene\nB) It is an autosomal dominant disorder that can lead to iron overload in the liver and other organs\nC) Patients homozygous for a mutant HFE allele absorb excessive quantities of iron from the diet\nD) Women typically manifest the disease earlier than men, who are protected by higher androgen levels",
    "a": "C) Patients homozygous for a mutant HFE allele absorb excessive quantities of iron from the diet\n\nHereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder; homozygous HFE mutation carriers show increased intestinal iron absorption leading to systemic iron overload.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Impaired hepatic blood flow in veno-occlusive disease is due to:\nA) Thrombosis of the major hepatic veins\nB) Nodular regeneration of the parenchyma\nC) Fibrous obliteration of terminal hepatic veins\nD) Fibrous obliteration of large bile ducts",
    "a": "C) Fibrous obliteration of terminal hepatic veins\n\nHepatic veno-occlusive disease (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) results from fibrous obliteration of small terminal hepatic venules, not the major hepatic veins.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Ovarian cyst lined by luteinized granulosa cells\nA) Follicular cysts\nB) Cystic follicle\nC) Luteal cyst\nD) Serous cyst",
    "a": "C) Luteal cyst\n\nA luteal cyst is lined by luteinized granulosa cells, formed from a persistent or hemorrhagic corpus luteum.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 45 year old female presented with bulky uterine mass. Histopathology shows bizarre spindle cells with mitotic activity > 10/10Hpf. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?\nA) Leiomyoma\nB) Endometrial Stromal sarcoma\nC) Leiomyosarcoma\nD) Malignant mixed mullerian tumour",
    "a": "C) Leiomyosarcoma\n\nBizarre spindle cells with high mitotic activity (>10/10 HPF) and marked atypia in a uterine smooth muscle tumour indicate leiomyosarcoma.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following statement is true regarding serous carcinoma of endometrium\nA) Endometrial hyperplasia is a risk factor\nB) Poor prognosis\nC) Associated with MLH 1 mutation\nD) Low grade tumour",
    "a": "B) Poor prognosis\n\nSerous carcinoma of the endometrium is a high-grade, type II tumour not linked to hyperplasia (unlike endometrioid carcinoma), and it carries a poor prognosis.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Identify the false statement regarding endometrial hyperplasia\nA) Associated with obesity\nB) Most common genetic alteration is MET mutation\nC) atypical hyperplasia have more risk of malignancy\nD) Presence of metaplastic epithelium is benign",
    "a": "B) Most common genetic alteration is MET mutation\n\nThis is false — the most common genetic alteration in endometrial hyperplasia is PTEN inactivation, not MET mutation.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "An 18-year-old man complains of a subacute onset of knee pain. A radiograph demonstrates an expansile, 10-cm mass arising within the proximal tibia with associated lifting of the periosteum and linear radiating calcifications perpendicular to the bone axis. This mass is concerning for which of the following?\nA) Osteosarcoma\nB) Rheumatoid arthritis\nC) Bone fracture\nD) Osteoid osteoma",
    "a": "A) Osteosarcoma\n\nAn expansile metaphyseal mass with periosteal elevation and 'sunburst' perpendicular calcifications (Codman triangle) is classic for osteosarcoma.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "The presence of a bulky, polypoid, grape-like mass protruding from the vagina of a 3-year-old girl should raise concern for which of the following?\nA) Synovial sarcoma\nB) McCune-Albright syndrome\nC) Ewing sarcoma\nD) Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma",
    "a": "D) Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma\n\nA grape-like polypoid vaginal mass (sarcoma botryoides) in a young child is the classic presentation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which lesion is a palmar variant of fibromatosis characterized by an irregular, nodular thickening of the palmar fascia?\nA) Desmoid fibromatosis\nB) Peyronie disease\nC) Dupuytren contracture\nD) Dermatofibroma",
    "a": "C) Dupuytren contracture\n\nDupuytren contracture is the palmar variant of superficial fibromatosis causing nodular thickening and flexion contracture of the palmar fascia.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Osteomas of the jaw are associated with which syndrome?\nA) McCune-Albright syndrome\nB) Down syndrome\nC) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome\nD) Gardner syndrome",
    "a": "D) Gardner syndrome\n\nGardner syndrome (a variant of FAP) is associated with osteomas of the jaw, along with colonic polyposis and soft tissue tumours.",
    "asked": "May 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Cardiac cirrhosis is characterized by\nA) Fatty liver\nB) Nutmeg liver\nC) No change\nD) A or B",
    "a": "B) Nutmeg liver\n\nChronic passive congestion of the liver from right heart failure produces the characteristic mottled 'nutmeg liver' appearance, which can progress to cardiac cirrhosis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "All of the following are true about pyogenic granuloma EXCEPT\nA) Bacterial infection\nB) Bleeding\nC) Benign tumor\nD) Capillary hemangioma",
    "a": "A) Bacterial infection\n\nPyogenic granuloma is a benign, rapidly growing capillary hemangioma-like lesion that bleeds easily — it is not caused by bacterial infection despite its misleading name.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Wegener's granulomatosis involve\nA) Lungs and kidney\nB) Liver and kidney\nC) Lungs and liver\nD) Heart and kidney",
    "a": "A) Lungs and kidney\n\nGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) classically involves the upper/lower respiratory tract and kidneys.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most common cause of dissecting hematoma is because of\nA) Hypertension\nB) Marfan syndrome\nC) Iatrogenic\nD) Kawasaki disease",
    "a": "A) Hypertension\n\nHypertension is the most common risk factor/cause of aortic dissecting hematoma (aortic dissection).",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following is a not feature of malignant gastric ulcer?\nA) Mucosal rugae radiates from the ulcer margin\nB) Greater curvature\nC) Heaped Up margin\nD) Necrotic base",
    "a": "A) Mucosal rugae radiates from the ulcer margin\n\nRadiating mucosal rugae converging toward the ulcer margin is a feature of a benign peptic ulcer, not a malignant one.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Defective transepithelial transport of nutrients is seen in which of the following malabsorptive disorder\nA) Whipple disease\nB) Cystic fibrosis\nC) Abetalipoproteinemia\nD) Disaccharidase deficiency",
    "a": "C) Abetalipoproteinemia\n\nAbetalipoproteinemia is caused by a defect in chylomicron/lipoprotein assembly and transepithelial transport of absorbed lipids out of enterocytes.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Patients with sickle cell disease are susceptible to which of the following infection\nA) Shigella\nB) Salmonella\nC) E.coli\nD) Campylobacter jejuni",
    "a": "B) Salmonella\n\nFunctional asplenia in sickle cell disease predisposes to infection with encapsulated organisms and notably Salmonella osteomyelitis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "True regarding Meckel Diverticulum\nA) Extends from the mesenteric side of the Bowel\nB) Most common site is jejunum\nC) Mucosal lining is always abnormal\nD) Male are most commonly affected",
    "a": "D) Male are most commonly affected\n\nMeckel diverticulum shows a male predominance; it arises from the antimesenteric border of the ileum and often contains ectopic (not always) gastric/pancreatic mucosa.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following statements regarding primary sclerosing cholangitis is correct?\nA) It is frequently associated with autoimmune gastritis\nB) Elevated serum anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)\nC) It is sometimes associated with Crohn disease\nD) Granulomatous destruction of medium-sized bile ducts",
    "a": "C) It is sometimes associated with Crohn disease\n\nPSC is most strongly linked to ulcerative colitis but is also sometimes associated with Crohn disease; AMA is characteristic of PBC, not PSC.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "In a patient with α 1-antitrypsin disease, a liver biopsy would most likely show:\nA) Enlarged swollen hepatocytes with clear cytoplasm\nB) Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive deposits within hepatocytes\nC) PAS-positive deposits within the cytoplasm of macrophages\nD) Iron stain-positive deposits within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes",
    "a": "B) Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive deposits within hepatocytes\n\nAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency shows PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules within hepatocytes representing accumulated misfolded protein.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following descriptions of a liver biopsy would be most consistent with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C?\nA) Moderate steatosis; mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammation; Mallory bodies; sinusoidal fibrosis\nB) Mild steatosis; lymphocytic inflammation of portal areas; piecemeal necrosis; bridging fibrosis\nC) Hepatocellular ballooning; globules that are periodic acid-Schiff positive/diastase resistant present within hepatocytes\nD) Bridging fibrosis; mild lymphocytic inflammation; marked hemosiderin deposition within hepatocytes on iron stain",
    "a": "B) Mild steatosis; lymphocytic inflammation of portal areas; piecemeal necrosis; bridging fibrosis\n\nChronic hepatitis C shows portal lymphocytic inflammation, piecemeal necrosis, mild steatosis, and progressive bridging fibrosis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 29-year-old woman who takes birth control pills complains of right upper quadrant pain. A mass is found in her liver. Which of the following is most likely?\nA) Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma\nB) Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver\nC) Hepatocellular carcinoma\nD) Metastatic pancreatic endocrine neoplasm (islet cell tumor)",
    "a": "B) Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver\n\nA benign hepatic mass in a young woman on oral contraceptives is characteristic of a benign hormone-influenced hepatic lesion such as focal nodular hyperplasia.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 32-year-old female C/O recurrent abdominal pain. Colonoscopy revealed reddish blue nodule. USG shows large ovarian cyst. Which is least likely histopathological feature of the colonoscopic nodule?\nA) Endometrial glands\nB) Endometrial stroma\nC) Hemosiderin deposition\nD) Cytological atypia",
    "a": "D) Cytological atypia\n\nThis describes intestinal endometriosis; endometrial glands, stroma, and hemosiderin (from cyclic bleeding) are expected, but cytological atypia is not a feature of benign endometriosis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Characteristic cytopathic effect of HPV infection in cervical squamous cells\nA) Intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusions\nB) Multinucleation\nC) Cytoplasmic perinuclear halo\nD) Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions",
    "a": "C) Cytoplasmic perinuclear halo\n\nKoilocytic atypia — a perinuclear cytoplasmic halo with nuclear enlargement/wrinkling — is the classic cytopathic effect of HPV infection.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most common organism causing PID following abortion\nA) Chlamydia\nB) Gonococci\nC) Mycoplasma hominis\nD) Clostridium Perfringens",
    "a": "D) Clostridium Perfringens\n\nPost-abortal/post-partum pelvic infections are classically associated with Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic organism causing severe sepsis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "A 30-year-old female C/O dyspareunia with yellow frothy vaginal discharge. On examination fiery red appearance of cervical mucosa was noted. Identify the causative organism.\nA) Gardnerella vaginalis\nB) Chlamydia trachomatis\nC) Trichomonas vaginalis\nD) Candida",
    "a": "C) Trichomonas vaginalis\n\nYellow-green frothy discharge with a 'strawberry cervix' (fiery red, punctate hemorrhages) is classic for Trichomonas vaginalis infection.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Osteophytes may fracture and float freely within the synovial fluid, which are known as\nA) Joint mice\nB) Eburnation\nC) Pannus\nD) Tophi",
    "a": "A) Joint mice\n\nFractured osteophyte/cartilage fragments floating freely in the joint space are termed 'joint mice,' seen in osteoarthritis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the malignant tumors listed below most commonly presents in children?\nA) Chondrosarcoma\nB) Ewing sarcoma/PNET\nC) Liposarcoma\nD) Leiomyosarcoma",
    "a": "B) Ewing sarcoma/PNET\n\nEwing sarcoma/PNET is the classic malignant bone tumour of childhood and adolescence.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following features is characteristic of osteoarthritis?\nA) Pannus formation\nB) Heberden nodes\nC) Baker cyst\nD) Sacroiliitis",
    "a": "B) Heberden nodes\n\nHeberden nodes (DIP joint osteophytes) are a classic feature of osteoarthritis; pannus, Baker cyst, and sacroiliitis are more typical of inflammatory arthropathies.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Birbeck granules seen within the cytoplasm of histiocytes by ultrastructural analysis are characteristic of which of the following?\nA) Granulomatous inflammation\nB) Dermatofibroma\nC) Granulocytic sarcoma\nD) Langerhans cell histiocytosis (formerly called histiocytosis X)",
    "a": "D) Langerhans cell histiocytosis (formerly called histiocytosis X)\n\nBirbeck (tennis racket-shaped) granules on electron microscopy are the ultrastructural hallmark of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.",
    "asked": "Dec 2024"
  },
  {
    "q": "Crushmann's spirals are seen in\nA) Bronchial Asthma\nB) Bronchial carcinoid\nC) Chronic bronchitis\nD) Emphysema",
    "a": "A) Bronchial Asthma\n\nCurschmann spirals are mucous plugs shed from bronchioles, a classic sputum finding in bronchial asthma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2023, Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hard collagenous scars are typically seen in\nA) Coal worker's pneumoconiosis\nB) Asbestosis\nC) Silicosis\nD) Bagassosis",
    "a": "C) Silicosis\n\nSilicosis characteristically produces hard, collagenous fibrotic nodules/scars in the lung due to silica-induced fibrogenesis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Major criteria of rheumatic fever includes\nA) Fever\nB) Polyarthralgia\nC) ECG finding of prolonged PR interval\nD) Polyarthritis",
    "a": "D) Polyarthritis\n\nPolyarthritis is one of the major Jones criteria for rheumatic fever; fever, arthralgia, and prolonged PR interval are minor criteria.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following produce Right ventricular hypertrophy?\nA) Coarctation of Aorta\nB) Aortic Stenosis\nC) Pulmonary hypertension\nD) Systemic hypertension",
    "a": "C) Pulmonary hypertension\n\nPulmonary hypertension increases afterload on the right ventricle, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy (cor pulmonale).",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Monckeberg's calcific sclerosis affects the medium sized arteries by involving the structure of\nA) Intima\nB) Media\nC) Adventitia\nD) All the above",
    "a": "B) Media\n\nMonckeberg medial calcific sclerosis is characterized by calcification of the tunica media of muscular arteries, without luminal narrowing.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Klatskin tumor is\nA) Nodular type of cholangiocarcinoma\nB) Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma\nC) Gallbladder carcinoma\nD) Hepatocellular carcinoma",
    "a": "A) Nodular type of cholangiocarcinoma\n\nKlatskin tumour refers to a perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, typically of the nodular/sclerosing type.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Nutmeg liver is seen in\nA) Right sided heart failure\nB) Left sided heart failure\nC) Increased pulmonary pressure\nD) Decreased pulmonary pressure",
    "a": "A) Right sided heart failure\n\nRight-sided heart failure causes chronic passive venous congestion of the liver, producing the classic mottled 'nutmeg liver.'",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most common salivary gland tumour in smokers\nA) Pleomorphic adenoma\nB) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma\nC) Warthin's tumour\nD) Mixed tumour",
    "a": "C) Warthin's tumour\n\nWarthin's tumour shows a strong association with cigarette smoking and is the salivary gland tumour most linked to smokers.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "True about Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is\nA) Malignant tumour\nB) Highly vascular tumour\nC) Seen in adolescent females\nD) Mostly seen in dark skinned people",
    "a": "B) Highly vascular tumour\n\nNasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a benign but highly vascular tumour that occurs almost exclusively in adolescent males.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most frequently altered oncogenes in pancreatic cancer\nA) KRAS (Chromosome 12p)\nB) CDKN2A (Chromosome 9p)\nC) SMAD4 (Chromosome 18 q)\nD) TP 53 (Chromosome 17 p)",
    "a": "A) KRAS (Chromosome 12p)\n\nKRAS on chromosome 12p is the most frequently mutated oncogene in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, found in >90% of cases.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Crohn's disease is characterized by the following histopathologic features\nA) Non caseating granulomas\nB) Superficial mucosal ulceration\nC) Caseating granuloma\nD) Toxic megacolon",
    "a": "A) Non caseating granulomas\n\nCrohn's disease characteristically shows non-caseating granulomas along with transmural inflammation.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Feature of Collapsing Glomerulopathy\nA) Tuft necrosis\nB) Mesangiolysis\nC) Visceral epithelial proliferation\nD) Necrosis of visceral epithelium",
    "a": "C) Visceral epithelial proliferation\n\nCollapsing glomerulopathy is characterized by wrinkling/collapse of the glomerular tuft with marked hyperplasia (proliferation) of visceral epithelial (podocyte) cells.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Renal Papillary necrosis most commonly seen in\nA) Thalassemia\nB) Diabetes mellitus\nC) Wegener's granulomatosis\nD) Hypercalciuria",
    "a": "B) Diabetes mellitus\n\nRenal papillary necrosis is most commonly associated with diabetes mellitus, often complicated by acute pyelonephritis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Onion Peel appearance and fibrinoid necrosis are seen\nA) Hyaline degeneration\nB) Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis\nC) Glomerulosclerosis\nD) Fibrillary glomerulosclerosis",
    "a": "B) Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis\n\nHyperplastic arteriosclerosis (seen in malignant hypertension) shows concentric, laminated 'onion-skin' intimal thickening with fibrinoid necrosis.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common testicular malignancy in elderly men is\nA) Yolk sac tumour\nB) Choriocarcinoma\nC) Teratoma\nD) Spermatocytic Seminoma",
    "a": "D) Spermatocytic Seminoma\n\nAmong germ cell tumours, spermatocytic seminoma is classically described as a tumour of older/elderly men, unlike most other germ cell tumours which affect younger men.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Peri-vascular structures seen in Yolk sac tumour\nA) Call Exner bodies\nB) Russel bodies\nC) Schiller Duval bodies\nD) Psammomatous bodies",
    "a": "C) Schiller Duval bodies\n\nSchiller-Duval bodies are glomeruloid perivascular structures characteristic of yolk sac tumour.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most common CNS tumour in adult is\nA) Astrocytoma\nB) Medulloblastoma\nC) Meningioma\nD) Oligodendroglioma",
    "a": "C) Meningioma\n\nMeningioma is the most common primary CNS tumour in adults overall.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hypothyroidism is seen in\nA) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis\nB) Graves disease\nC) Toxic multinodular goiter\nD) Struma ovarii",
    "a": "A) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis\n\nHashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that causes progressive thyroid destruction and hypothyroidism.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Numerous giant cells are a feature of\nA) Giant cell tumours\nB) Chondroblastoma\nC) Chondroma\nD) Osteitis fibrosa cystica",
    "a": "A) Giant cell tumours\n\nGiant cell tumour of bone is characterized by numerous osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells uniformly scattered among mononuclear stromal cells.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "HER 2/neu gene causes breast carcinoma due to\nA) Overexpression\nB) Suppression\nC) Mutation\nD) Translocation",
    "a": "A) Overexpression\n\nHER2/neu (ERBB2) drives breast carcinogenesis through gene amplification leading to protein overexpression, not mutation or translocation.",
    "asked": "Mar 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Pulseless disease is\nA) Temporal arteritis\nB) Kawasaki's disease\nC) Takayasu arteritis\nD) Buerger's disease",
    "a": "C) Takayasu arteritis\n\nTakayasu arteritis, affecting the aorta and its major branches, is known as 'pulseless disease' due to diminished pulses in affected limbs.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Osteoblastic skeletal metastasis are characteristically seen in\nA) Thyroid cancer\nB) Breast cancer\nC) Prostatic cancer\nD) Malignant melanoma",
    "a": "C) Prostatic cancer\n\nProstate cancer classically produces osteoblastic (sclerotic) bone metastases, unlike most other cancers which tend to be osteolytic.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following organs have tumors in patients with MEN type I\nA) Adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid\nB) Kidneys, adrenal and liver\nC) Pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas\nD) Parathyroid, pineal and pancreas",
    "a": "C) Pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas\n\nMEN type I (Wermer syndrome) classically involves the 3 P's: Pituitary, Parathyroid, and Pancreas.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Men who have mutated BRCA1 have increased risk of following cancer\nA) Male breast\nB) Germ cell tumor of testis\nC) Sex cord stromal tumor of testis\nD) Carcinoma of prostate",
    "a": "D) Carcinoma of prostate\n\nMen with BRCA1 mutations have an increased risk of prostate cancer (BRCA2 confers an even higher risk).",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Krukenberg tumor is bilateral metastatic tumor of ovaries from primary sites except\nA) Stomach\nB) Colon\nC) Breast\nD) Endometrium",
    "a": "D) Endometrium\n\nKrukenberg tumours are mucin-producing, signet-ring cell metastases classically from the stomach, colon, or breast; endometrial carcinoma metastasizing to ovary is not classified as a Krukenberg tumour.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Classic perivascular structures seen in yolk sac tumor are known as\nA) Shiller Duval bodies\nB) Call Exner bodies\nC) Michelis Guttman bodies\nD) Russel bodies",
    "a": "A) Shiller Duval bodies\n\nSchiller-Duval bodies are glomeruloid perivascular structures characteristic of yolk sac tumour.",
    "asked": "Mar 2022, Aug 2022, Mar 2025, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Basement membrane material in membranous glomerulonephritis appears as\nA) Dense deposits\nB) Spikes protruding from GBM\nC) Double contoured\nD) Tram-track",
    "a": "B) Spikes protruding from GBM\n\nMembranous GN shows subepithelial immune deposits with intervening basement membrane spikes on silver stain.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Hamman-Rich syndrome is\nA) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia\nB) Desquamative interstitial pneumonia\nC) Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis\nD) ARDS",
    "a": "C) Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis\n\nHamman-Rich syndrome (acute interstitial pneumonia) is a rapidly progressive form of diffuse fibrosing alveolitis of unknown cause.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common location for myxoma of heart is\nA) Left ventricle\nB) Right ventricle\nC) Left atrium\nD) Interventricular septum",
    "a": "C) Left atrium\n\nCardiac myxoma, the most common primary cardiac tumour in adults, most commonly arises in the left atrium.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Atherosclerosis is predominantly a disease of\nA) Intima\nB) Media\nC) Adventitia\nD) Entire vessel wall",
    "a": "A) Intima\n\nAtherosclerosis is fundamentally an intimal disease, characterized by intimal plaque formation with lipid, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The following hepatotropic virus is a DNA virus\nA) HAV\nB) HBV\nC) HCV\nD) HEV",
    "a": "B) HBV\n\nHepatitis B virus is the only DNA virus among the hepatotropic viruses; HAV, HCV, and HEV are all RNA viruses.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Medial calcification of arteries is seen in the following except\nA) Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis\nB) Atherosclerosis\nC) Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\nD) Idiopathic calcification of infancy",
    "a": "B) Atherosclerosis\n\nAtherosclerosis primarily involves the intima, not the media; Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and idiopathic infantile arterial calcification all involve medial calcification.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Major criteria in the modified jones criteria include the following except\nA) Carditis\nB) polyarthritis\nC) Raised C-reactive protein\nD) Subcutaneous nodules",
    "a": "C) Raised C-reactive protein\n\nRaised CRP is a minor criterion in the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever, not a major one.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The commonest site for endometriosis is\nA) Hernial sacs\nB) Vulva\nC) Ovaries\nD) Vagina",
    "a": "C) Ovaries\n\nThe ovaries are the most common site of involvement in endometriosis.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Mikulicz's syndrome is inflammatory enlargement of lacrimal and salivary glands which may occur with following conditions except\nA) Sjogren's syndrome\nB) Sarcoidosis\nC) Tuberculosis\nD) Lymphoma",
    "a": "C) Tuberculosis\n\nMikulicz syndrome (bilateral lacrimal/salivary gland enlargement) is classically associated with Sjögren syndrome, sarcoidosis, and lymphoma/leukemia; tuberculosis is not a classical cause.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children is\nA) Acinic cell tumor\nB) Adenoid cystic carcinoma\nC) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma\nD) Adenocarcinoma",
    "a": "C) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma\n\nMucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the pediatric population.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The nature of lesion in Barrett's oesophagus is\nA) Congenital anomaly\nB) Inflammatory disease\nC) Metaplastic process\nD) Neoplastic lesion",
    "a": "C) Metaplastic process\n\nBarrett's esophagus represents intestinal (columnar) metaplasia of the normal squamous esophageal epithelium in response to chronic GERD.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "All are true for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma except\nA) Found in young\nB) Not preceded by cirrhosis\nC) Encapsulated\nD) Worse prognosis than classic hepatocellular carcinoma",
    "a": "D) Worse prognosis than classic hepatocellular carcinoma\n\nFibrolamellar HCC actually has a BETTER prognosis than classic HCC, occurring in young non-cirrhotic patients as a well-circumscribed, encapsulated tumour.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "In end stage kidney disease GFR is\nA) 5% of normal\nB)10% of normal\nC)15% of normal\nD)20% of normal",
    "a": "A) 5% of normal\n\nEnd-stage renal disease is defined by a GFR of approximately 5% or less of normal, requiring dialysis or transplantation.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "In an undescended testis the following tumor develops most often\nA) Seminoma\nB) Teratoma\nC) Choriocarcinoma\nD) Yolk sac tumor",
    "a": "A) Seminoma\n\nSeminoma is the most common germ cell tumour to develop in an undescended (cryptorchid) testis.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most frequently affected joint in gouty arthritis in the beginning is\nA) Knee\nB) Elbow\nC) Shoulder\nD) Great toe",
    "a": "D) Great toe\n\nThe first metatarsophalangeal joint (great toe) is classically the earliest and most frequently affected joint in acute gouty arthritis (podagra).",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The most common form of pituitary adenoma arises in\nA) Somatotroph\nB) Lactotroph\nC) Gonadotroph\nD) Corticotroph",
    "a": "B) Lactotroph\n\nLactotroph (prolactin-secreting) adenomas are the most common functioning pituitary adenoma.",
    "asked": "Feb 2024, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Conn's syndrome is\nA) Chronic hypercortisolism\nB) Adrenogenital syndrome\nC) Secondary hyperaldosteronism\nD) Primary hyperaldosteronism",
    "a": "D) Primary hyperaldosteronism\n\nConn's syndrome refers to primary hyperaldosteronism, typically due to an aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following feature is not used in Modified Bloom-Richardson grading system for breast cancer\nA) Tubule formation\nB) Nuclear pleomorphism\nC) Mitotic count\nD) Tumor necrosis",
    "a": "D) Tumor necrosis\n\nThe Modified Bloom-Richardson (Nottingham) grading system for breast cancer uses tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic count — not tumour necrosis.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Most common tumour developing from undescended testis is\nA) Seminoma\nB) Teratoma\nC) Choriocarcinoma\nD) Yolk sac tumor",
    "a": "A) Seminoma\n\nSeminoma is the most common germ cell tumour to develop in an undescended (cryptorchid) testis.",
    "asked": "Jul 2025, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Classic example of anti-GBM disease is\nA) Minimal change disease\nB) Acute glomerulonephritis\nC) Membranous glomerulonephritis\nD) Good pasture's disease",
    "a": "D) Good pasture's disease\n\nGoodpasture disease is the classic example of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody-mediated disease, affecting kidneys and lungs.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "HIV infection commonly produces the following type of glomerular lesions\nA) Membranous glomerulonephritis\nB) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis\nC) Focal glomerulonephritis\nD) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis",
    "a": "D) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis\n\nHIV-associated nephropathy classically manifests as a collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Micronodular cirrhosis includes the following except\nA) Laennec's cirrhosis\nB) Nutritional cirrhosis\nC) Post necrotic cirrhosis\nD) Portal cirrhosis",
    "a": "C) Post necrotic cirrhosis\n\nPost-necrotic cirrhosis (from massive hepatic necrosis, e.g., viral hepatitis) produces large, irregular macronodules, unlike the uniform micronodules of alcoholic/nutritional/portal cirrhosis.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Reid index used as a criteria of quantitation in chronic bronchitis is the ratio of thickness of\nA) Bronchial mucosa to that of bronchial wall\nB) Submucosal glands to that of bronchial wall\nC) Bronchial cartilage to that of bronchial wall\nD) Inflammatory infiltrate to that of bronchial wall",
    "a": "B) Submucosal glands to that of bronchial wall\n\nThe Reid index is the ratio of submucosal gland layer thickness to the total thickness of the bronchial wall, used to assess mucous gland hyperplasia in chronic bronchitis.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "All are benign bone forming tumors except\nA) Osteoma\nB) Osteosarcoma\nC) Osteoid osteoma\nD) Osteoblastoma",
    "a": "B) Osteosarcoma\n\nOsteosarcoma is a malignant bone-forming tumour, unlike osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma which are all benign.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Islets of langerhans are concentrated in the pancreas in the following zone\nA) Head\nB) Body\nC) Tail\nD) Uncinate process",
    "a": "C) Tail\n\nIslets of Langerhans are most concentrated in the tail of the pancreas.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Amyloidosis is seen in which type of diabetes\nA) Type I DM\nB) Type II DM\nC) Gestational diabetes\nD) MODY",
    "a": "B) Type II DM\n\nIslet amyloid (amylin deposition) is characteristically seen in Type II diabetes mellitus.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "The following conditions are premalignant except\nA) Solar keratosis\nB) Seborrheic keratosis\nC) Bowen's disease\nD) Xeroderma pigmentosum",
    "a": "B) Seborrheic keratosis\n\nSeborrheic keratosis is a benign epidermal proliferation with no premalignant potential, unlike solar keratosis, Bowen's disease, and xeroderma pigmentosum.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Chocolate cyst of ovary is\nA) Hemorrhagic corpus luteum\nB) Ruptured luteal cyst\nC) Endometriotic cyst\nD) Ruptured follicular cyst",
    "a": "C) Endometriotic cyst\n\nA chocolate cyst is an endometriotic (endometrioma) ovarian cyst filled with old, altered blood.",
    "asked": "Aug 2022, Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following testicular tumor is most radiosensitive\nA) Seminoma\nB) Embryonal carcinoma\nC) Yolk sac tumor\nD) Immature teratoma",
    "a": "A) Seminoma\n\nSeminoma is exquisitely radiosensitive among testicular germ cell tumours.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "In Goodpasture's disease the antigen is\nA) Collagen IV of basement membrane\nB) DNA\nC) Bacterial products\nD) Cationic proteins",
    "a": "A) Collagen IV of basement membrane\n\nGoodpasture disease is caused by autoantibodies against the non-collagenous domain of the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen in basement membranes.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Which of the following hepatotropic virus is not transmitted by transfusion\nA) HAV\nB) HBV\nC) HCV\nD) HGV",
    "a": "A) HAV\n\nHepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and is not transfusion-transmitted, unlike HBV, HCV, and HGV.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Grave's disease is a type of\nA) Type I reaction\nB) Type II reaction\nC) Type III reaction\nD) Type IV reaction",
    "a": "B) Type II reaction\n\nGraves' disease is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, mediated by stimulating autoantibodies against the TSH receptor.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Sources of pulmonary surfactant is\nA) Alveolar macrophages\nB) Type I pneumocytes\nC) Type II Pneumocytes\nD) Capillary basement membrane",
    "a": "C) Type II Pneumocytes\n\nType II pneumocytes synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  },
  {
    "q": "Maccallum's patch is seen in\nA) Right atrium\nB) Right ventricle\nC) Left atrium\nD) Left ventricle",
    "a": "C) Left atrium\n\nMacCallum's patch is a focal endocardial thickening in the posterior left atrium, seen in rheumatic heart disease due to regurgitant jet trauma.",
    "asked": "Oct 2025"
  }
]