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// FILE: theory/pharmacology/complete_syllabus/complete_syllabus_paper2.js
// SUBJECT: Pharmacology | CHAPTER: complete_syllabus_Paper2 | DECK:Complete Syllabus Rapid Rivision
// ============================================================

var CARDS_Pathology_complete_syllabus_RapidRivisionPaper2 = [
  {
    "q": "[MAR 2022] a) Classify drugs used in peptic ulcer. b) Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors. c) Add a note on Anti-H.pylori drug regimens.",
    "a": "PUD drugs: antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, sucralfate, misoprostol. PPI: H+/K+ ATPase blocker; AE: B12 deficiency, fractures. H.pylori: PPI+amoxicillin+clarithromycin triple therapy."
  },
  {
    "q": "[MAR 2022] a) Classify antimalarial drugs. b) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of chloroquine. c) Write briefly on Artemisinin based combination therapy(ACT).",
    "a": "Antimalarials: schizonticides, gametocytocides, ACT. Chloroquine: heme polymerase inhibitor; vivax malaria; AE-retinopathy, pruritus. ACT: artemisinin+partner drug, prevents resistance."
  },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Role of Bisphosphonates in Osteoporosis.", "a": "Inhibit osteoclasts, ↓bone resorption; alendronate, zoledronate." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Cisplatin.", "a": "Solid tumors; AE-nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neurotoxic, severe emesis." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Mechanism of action and uses of ciprofloxacin.", "a": "DNA gyrase inhibitor; UTI, typhoid, respiratory infections." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Discuss alkylating agents used as anticancer drugs.", "a": "Cross-link DNA; cyclophosphamide, mustargen, busulfan; AE-myelosuppression." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Betalactamase inhibitors.", "a": "Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam - protect penicillins from degradation." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Drugs for psoriasis.", "a": "Methotrexate, topical steroids, retinoids, calcipotriol, biologics." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Mechanism of action and adverse effects of Amphotericin B.", "a": "Binds ergosterol, forms pores; AE-nephrotoxicity, infusion reactions, hypokalemia." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Cyclosporine.", "a": "Calcineurin inhibitor; transplant rejection; AE-nephrotoxicity, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS).", "a": "Tamoxifen, raloxifene - tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist action." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2022] Multidrug resistant (MDR) TB.", "a": "Resistant to INH+rifampicin; treated with second-line drugs, bedaquiline regimens." },
  {
    "q": "[AUG 2022] A 25-year-old man has continuous low-grade fever for past 7 days. He also complaints of abdominal pain, loss of appetite, tiredness, and loose motions. On examination he was febrile, and he had coated tongue. Total leucocyte count was found to be elevated. Blood Widal test was positive and blood culture was positive for S.Typhi. a. What are the drugs given in this condition? b. Which is the drug empirically used in this condition? Explain its mechanism of action, adverse effects and other uses of this drug? c. Mention the uses and adverse effects of fluroquinolones.",
    "a": "Drugs: ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin. Empirical: ceftriaxone - MOA cell wall inhibition; AE-diarrhea, biliary sludging. FQ: UTI, typhoid, respiratory; AE-tendinopathy, QT prolongation, cartilage damage(children)."
  },
  {
    "q": "[AUG 2022] A patient received first cycle of Cisplatin for head and neck cancer following which he developed severe nausea and vomiting. a. Name the drugs used in the management of nausea and vomiting in this patient and explain its mechanism of action. b. Classify antiemetics. c. Explain in detail mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Prokinetic agents.",
    "a": "Drugs: ondansetron(5HT3 antagonist), aprepitant(NK1), dexamethasone. Antiemetic classes: 5HT3/D2/NK1 antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics. Prokinetics: metoclopramide/domperidone - D2 antagonism↑motility; AE-EPS(metoclopramide)."
  },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Drugs used in erectile dysfunction.", "a": "Sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor), alprostadil - CI with nitrates." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Drugs for Acne.", "a": "Topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, doxycycline, isotretinoin." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Postcoital contraception.", "a": "Levonorgestrel, ulipristal, copper IUD within 72-120h." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Vancomycin.", "a": "Cell wall synthesis inhibitor; MRSA; AE-red man syndrome, nephrotoxicity." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Aminoglycosides.", "a": "Gram-negative infections; AE-nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Mechanism of action and uses of Metronidazole.", "a": "Free radical damage to anaerobes; amoebiasis, giardiasis, anaerobic infections." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Mention 4 chelating agents. Explain in detail chelating agent used in iron poisoning.", "a": "Desferrioxamine(iron), EDTA(lead), penicillamine(copper), DMSA(mercury). Iron poisoning: desferrioxamine chelation." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Cotrimoxazole.", "a": "Sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, sequential folate blockade; UTI, PCP; AE-Stevens-Johnson syndrome." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Methotrexate.", "a": "DHFR inhibitor; cancer, RA, psoriasis; AE-myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, mucositis." },
  { "q": "[AUG 2022] Tocolytics.", "a": "Nifedipine, ritodrine, atosiban - delay preterm labor." },
  {
    "q": "[FEB 2023] 15 years old girl admitted with c/o high fever, head ache and stomach pain. She revealed that she had visited marina beach last week end and ate from road side food stall. a) What could be the probable diagnosis? b) What are the drugs available to treat this condition? c) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin. d) What is the alternative for ciprofloxacin resistant cases?",
    "a": "Dx: typhoid fever. Drugs: ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin. Ciprofloxacin: DNA gyrase inhibitor; typhoid/UTI; AE-tendinopathy, cartilage damage. Resistant alt: azithromycin/ceftriaxone."
  },
  {
    "q": "[FEB 2023] 25 years old female came to the OPD with H/o three months of Amenorrhea, fever with rigors and burning sensation while passing urine for the past 3 days. a) What is the diagnosis and mention safe anti microbial agent in pregnancy? b) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of penicillin. c) Brief about suicide inhibitors.",
    "a": "Dx: UTI/pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Safe abx: penicillins, cephalosporins. Penicillin: cell wall synthesis inhibitor; AE-hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis. Suicide inhibitors: irreversible enzyme inactivators e.g. clavulanic acid on betalactamase."
  },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Vincristine.", "a": "Microtubule inhibitor, mitotic arrest; AE-peripheral neuropathy, constipation." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Treatment of Lepra reactions.", "a": "Type1: steroids. Type2(ENL): thalidomide, steroids." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Clinical uses and contraindications of Glucocorticoids.", "a": "Uses-inflammation, autoimmune, asthma; CI-peptic ulcer, active infection, uncontrolled diabetes." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Action and uses of Keratolytic agents.", "a": "Salicylic acid, urea - remove hyperkeratotic skin, warts/psoriasis." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Proton pump inhibitors.", "a": "H+/K+ ATPase irreversible inhibitor; PUD/GERD; AE-B12 deficiency, fractures, hypomagnesemia." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Mechanism of action uses and contraindication of Radioactive Iodine.", "a": "Destroys thyroid tissue; hyperthyroidism/thyroid cancer; CI-pregnancy, lactation." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Mechanism of action uses and adverse effects of Cyclophosphamide.", "a": "Alkylating agent, cross-links DNA; AE-hemorrhagic cystitis (mesna prevents), myelosuppression." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Clinical uses and side effects of Insulin therapy.", "a": "T1DM, DKA, T2DM uncontrolled; AE-hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, weight gain." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Mechanism of action and uses of Acyclovir.", "a": "Guanosine analogue, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; HSV, VZV." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2023] Treatment of Iron toxicity.", "a": "Desferrioxamine chelation, gastric lavage, supportive care." },
  {
    "q": "[JUL 2023] A 25 years old male came with c/o cough with expectoration, evening rise of temperature, sweating and loss of appetite for the past 2 weeks. a) What is the diagnosis? b) Classify the drugs used in this condition. c) Describe the mechanism of action therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin.",
    "a": "Dx: pulmonary TB. ATT: first-line(HRZE), second-line. Rifampicin: inhibits RNA polymerase; AE-hepatotoxicity, red-orange secretions, enzyme induction."
  },
  {
    "q": "[JUL 2023] 30 years old male had attended a party last week, now she came with c/o loose stools with abdominal pain and mild fever. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Classify Antiamoebic drugs. c) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Metronidazole. d) What will happen if the patient consumes alcohol during the course of Metronidazole therapy?",
    "a": "Dx: amoebic dysentery/food poisoning. Antiamoebics: luminal, tissue, mixed. Metronidazole: free radical damage to anaerobes; AE-metallic taste, neuropathy. Alcohol: disulfiram-like reaction."
  },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Hormone replacement therapy in menopause.", "a": "Estrogen+progesterone; vasomotor symptoms; risks-VTE, breast cancer." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Metoclopramide.", "a": "D2 antagonist, prokinetic; AE-EPS, galactorrhea." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Mechanism of action and uses of Methotrexate.", "a": "DHFR inhibitor; cancer, RA, psoriasis, ectopic pregnancy." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Treatment of acne vulgaris.", "a": "Topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, isotretinoin." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Clinical uses of Uterine relaxants.", "a": "Nifedipine, ritodrine, atosiban - preterm labor tocolysis." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Metformin.", "a": "↓hepatic gluconeogenesis, ↑insulin sensitivity; T2DM; AE-lactic acidosis, GI upset." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Write the mechanism of action, uses and toxicity of Vancomycin.", "a": "Cell wall inhibitor; MRSA; AE-red man syndrome, nephro/ototoxicity." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV infection.", "a": "Triple ART (tenofovir+lamivudine+dolutegravir) within 72h, 28 days." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Clinical uses of Ivermectin.", "a": "Scabies, strongyloidiasis, onchocerciasis, filariasis." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2023] Therapeutic effects of Mycophenolate Mofetil.", "a": "Inhibits IMPDH, ↓lymphocyte proliferation; transplant rejection prevention." },
  {
    "q": "[FEB 2024] A 30 year old mother came to OPD with complaints of 8 weeks of amenorrhea, on examination she was diagnosed with Anaemia. Since she had 10 months baby, she wanted to space out her next child and consulting you for taking contraceptive pills. a) Which type of hormonal contraceptive would you suggest? b) Explain the various methods, Mechanism, Adverse effect and Contraindication on Hormonal contraceptives. c) Write briefly about Male contraceptives.",
    "a": "Suggest: progesterone-only pill (lactation safe). Methods-OCP, injectable, implants, patch; MOA-inhibit ovulation, ↑cervical mucus viscosity; AE-VTE, weight gain; CI-smoker>35, VTE history. Male: condoms, vasectomy."
  },
  {
    "q": "[FEB 2024] a) Classify Antithyroid agents. b) Mention the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of Carbimazole. c) Add a note on Thyroid storm.",
    "a": "Classify: thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, beta blockers. Carbimazole: inhibits thyroid peroxidase; hyperthyroidism. Thyroid storm: PTU, beta blockers, iodine, steroids."
  },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Write a note on Ormeloxifene.", "a": "SERM; non-hormonal oral contraceptive." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Platinum Co-ordination complexes.", "a": "Cisplatin, carboplatin - DNA cross-linking anticancer agents." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Write about post exposure propylaxis in HIV.", "a": "Triple ART within 72h of exposure, continued 28 days." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] What precautions are given while prescribing Metronidazole?", "a": "Avoid alcohol (disulfiram reaction), caution in pregnancy/liver disease." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Comment on role of following in Tuberculosis: a) Streptomycin b) Moxifloxacin.", "a": "Streptomycin: injectable aminoglycoside, second-line. Moxifloxacin: fluoroquinolone, used in MDR-TB." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Management of a) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) b) Hypoglycemic coma.", "a": "DKA: IV fluids, insulin infusion, K+ correction. Hypoglycemia: IV dextrose/glucagon." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Drugs for erectile dysfunction – Explain their merits and demerits.", "a": "Sildenafil(oral, CI with nitrates) vs alprostadil(intracavernosal, invasive)." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Define: XDR-TB and describe its management.", "a": "Resistant to INH+rifampicin+FQ+injectable; managed with bedaquiline-based regimens." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Uses and adverse effects of Testosterone.", "a": "Hypogonadism; AE-virilization, hepatotoxicity, polycythemia." },
  { "q": "[FEB 2024] Ovulation inducing agents.", "a": "Clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, letrozole." },
  {
    "q": "[MAY 2024] A 52 year old obese (BMI>28kg/m2) individual with type 2 diabetes was on oral hypoglycemic drugs. He was started on insulin therapy recently. a) Classify the type of insulin analogues. b) Discuss in detail about the pharmacological actions, uses and adverse reaction of Insulin. c) Write a note on pharmacotherapy of diabetic Ketoacidosis.",
    "a": "Insulin analogues: rapid, short, intermediate, long-acting. Insulin: ↓blood glucose, ↑glycogenesis; AE-hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, weight gain. DKA: IV fluids, insulin infusion, K+ replacement."
  },
  {
    "q": "[MAY 2024] 60 year old female known diabetic with bronchial asthma treated with steroids, now she has presented with unhealed oral mucosal lesions on hard and soft palate, on examination whitish yellow slightly elevated spots seen. a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Classify antifungal drugs. c) Write in detail about the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of AZOLES in therapy.",
    "a": "Dx: oral candidiasis. Antifungals: polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, allylamines. Azoles: inhibit ergosterol synthesis(CYP450); candidiasis; AE-hepatotoxicity, drug interactions."
  },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Tacrolimus as immunosuppressants.", "a": "Calcineurin inhibitor; transplant rejection prevention; AE-nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Pyridoxine in pharmacotherapy.", "a": "Vitamin B6; given with isoniazid to prevent peripheral neuropathy." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Importance of Docusates in Treatment.", "a": "Stool softener, surfactant laxative - prevents straining." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Superinfections.", "a": "Overgrowth of resistant/opportunistic organisms after broad-spectrum antibiotic use." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Mechanism of action, various preparations and uses of Pencillin G.", "a": "Cell wall synthesis inhibitor; procaine, benzathine preparations; strep infections, syphilis." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Fondaparinux.", "a": "Synthetic selective factor Xa inhibitor, anticoagulant." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Write a note on prolactin inhibitors.", "a": "Bromocriptine, cabergoline - dopamine agonists, ↓prolactin secretion." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Management of extensive drug resistant tuberculosis.", "a": "Bedaquiline, linezolid, clofazimine-based combination regimens." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] Cell cycle M PHASE specific drugs.", "a": "Vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel - microtubule inhibitors." },
  { "q": "[MAY 2024] D-pencillamine.", "a": "Chelator for copper(Wilson's disease); also used in RA, lead poisoning." },
  {
    "q": "[DEC 2024] A 50-year-old obese male visits OPD with complaints of constant thirst, tiredness and frequently passing urine. His Fasting Blood Glucose is 120mg% and Postprandial Blood Glucose is 186mg%. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Classify the drugs used in the treatment of this condition. c) Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Metformin. d) Describe the management of an episode of Hypoglycaemia.",
    "a": "Dx: T2DM. OHA classes: biguanides, sulfonylureas, DPP4i, SGLT2i, TZDs. Metformin: ↓gluconeogenesis; AE-lactic acidosis, GI upset. Hypoglycemia: oral glucose/IV dextrose, glucagon."
  },
  {
    "q": "[DEC 2024] a) Classify Antifungal drugs. b) Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Amphotericin B. c) What are the advantages of Liposomal Amphotericin B over Conventional Amphotericin B?",
    "a": "Antifungals: polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, allylamines. Amphotericin B: binds ergosterol, forms pores; AE-nephrotoxicity, infusion reactions. Liposomal: less nephrotoxic, fewer infusion reactions."
  },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Alpha glucosidase inhibitors.", "a": "Acarbose - delay carbohydrate absorption, ↓postprandial glucose." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Treatment of Neurocysticercosis.", "a": "Albendazole/praziquantel + corticosteroids + anticonvulsants." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Radioactive Iodine.", "a": "I-131 destroys thyroid tissue; hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer; CI-pregnancy." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] SERM.", "a": "Tamoxifen, raloxifene - tissue-selective estrogen receptor modulation." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Ulcer Protectives.", "a": "Sucralfate, misoprostol - mucosal protection." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Aprepitant.", "a": "NK1 receptor antagonist, antiemetic for chemotherapy-induced N/V." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Drugs for treating Typhoid fever.", "a": "Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] MDR / RR – TB Treatment Regimens.", "a": "Bedaquiline-based longer/shorter regimens for resistant TB." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] Drugs for Acne vulgaris.", "a": "Retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, isotretinoin." },
  { "q": "[DEC 2024] TNF alpha inhibitors.", "a": "Infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab - biologics for RA/psoriasis." },
  {
    "q": "[MAR 2025] A 30-year-old female presents with symptoms of Burning micturition, lower abdominal pain. On examination of urine – pus cells are plenty. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Enumerate the classes of antibiotics useful in treating the above patient. c) Write in detail on the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Aminoglycoside. d) What will be the choice of antibiotic if the above patient is in her first trimester of pregnancy? Explain the rationale of your choice.",
    "a": "Dx: UTI. Classes: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin. Aminoglycoside: 30S ribosome inhibitor; AE-nephro/ototoxicity. Pregnancy choice: nitrofurantoin/cephalosporin (safe); avoid FQ/aminoglycosides (teratogenic)."
  },
  {
    "q": "[MAR 2025] a) Classify the drugs used for treatment of Peptic Ulcer. b) Describe in detail the pharmacology of H2 receptor blockers. c) Enumerate the drugs used in the treatment of GERD with rationale. d) H. Pylori treatment regimens.",
    "a": "PUD drugs: antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, sucralfate. H2 blockers: block histamine H2 receptor↓acid (ranitidine, famotidine). GERD: PPI, prokinetics, antacids. H.pylori: PPI+amoxicillin+clarithromycin."
  },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Drugs for Scabies.", "a": "Permethrin, ivermectin, benzyl benzoate." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Taxanes.", "a": "Paclitaxel, docetaxel - stabilize microtubules, mitotic arrest." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Oseltamivir.", "a": "Neuraminidase inhibitor, influenza treatment." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Echinocandins.", "a": "Caspofungin - inhibits β-glucan synthase, fungal cell wall." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Treatment of Lepra reactions.", "a": "Type1: steroids. Type2(ENL): thalidomide." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Types, composition, rationale and dosing of ORS.", "a": "Glucose+electrolytes, WHO osmolarity formula, sodium-glucose cotransport rationale." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Tocolytics.", "a": "Nifedipine, ritodrine, atosiban - delay preterm labor." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Ulcer protective agents.", "a": "Sucralfate, misoprostol." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Anabolic steroids.", "a": "Promote protein synthesis; AE-virilization, hepatotoxicity." },
  { "q": "[MAR 2025] Newer Insulin delivery devices.", "a": "Insulin pens, pumps, inhaled insulin." },
  {
    "q": "[JUL 2025] Classify Antithyroid drugs. Write the Mechanism of action and adverse effects of Carbimazole. Add a note on radioactive iodine.",
    "a": "Classify: thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, beta blockers. Carbimazole: inhibits thyroid peroxidase; AE-agranulocytosis, rash. Radioactive iodine: destroys thyroid tissue, CI-pregnancy."
  },
  {
    "q": "[JUL 2025] Classification of Penicillin. Write the mechanism of action, spectrum of activities, uses and adverse effects of Benzathine penicillin. Add a note on Beta lactamase inhibitor.",
    "a": "Penicillins: natural, semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, antipseudomonal. Benzathine penicillin: cell wall inhibitor; gram+ spectrum; syphilis, rheumatic fever prophylaxis; AE-hypersensitivity. Betalactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam."
  },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Selective progesterone receptor modulators.", "a": "Ulipristal, mifepristone - selective PR modulation." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Enzymes in therapy.", "a": "Streptokinase, L-asparaginase, DNase - therapeutic enzyme uses." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Alpha glucosidase inhibitors.", "a": "Acarbose - delay carbohydrate absorption." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Remdesivir.", "a": "RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, antiviral (COVID-19)." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Calcineurin inhibitors.", "a": "Cyclosporine, tacrolimus - immunosuppression, transplant rejection prevention." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Drugs used in abortion.", "a": "Mifepristone + misoprostol." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Treatment regimen for XDR – TB and MDR – TB.", "a": "Bedaquiline-based combination regimens." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Targeted drugs in Cancer Chemotherapy.", "a": "Imatinib, trastuzumab, rituximab - molecular target therapy." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Linezolid.", "a": "50S ribosome protein synthesis inhibitor; MRSA/VRE; AE-thrombocytopenia." },
  { "q": "[JUL 2025] Pharmacotherapy for Scabies.", "a": "Permethrin, ivermectin." },
  {
    "q": "[OCT 2025] 40-year-old female treated with steroid therapy for autoimmune diseases more than ten years. a) Classify Glucocorticoids. b) Elaborate in detail about the mechanism of action, pharmacological actions, uses, adverse effects of Glucocorticoids.",
    "a": "Classify: short, intermediate, long-acting. MOA: genomic, cytoplasmic receptor, alters gene transcription; actions-anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive; AE-Cushingoid, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression."
  },
  {
    "q": "[OCT 2025] 25-year male gave history of intermittent fever, chronic diarrhoea. He was cachectic and chronically ill. His CD4 count <200cells/Microlitre. a) Classify antiretroviral drugs. b) Write in detail about the mechanism of action, adverse effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. c) Write briefly on Prophylaxis of HIV infection.",
    "a": "Dx: AIDS. ARVs: NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, integrase inhibitors. NRTI: chain termination via reverse transcriptase inhibition; AE-lactic acidosis, lipodystrophy. Prophylaxis: PrEP/PEP with tenofovir-based regimens."
  },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Various VITAMIN D preparation and its uses.", "a": "Cholecalciferol, calcitriol - bone mineralization, hypocalcemia, CKD." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Clinical pharmacology of Sirolimus.", "a": "mTOR inhibitor, immunosuppressant, transplant rejection prevention." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Management of Neurocysticercosis.", "a": "Albendazole/praziquantel + steroids + anticonvulsants." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Erythropoietin in therapy.", "a": "Stimulates RBC production; anemia of CKD." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Suppressive prophylaxis of malaria.", "a": "Chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine - for travelers to endemic areas." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy.", "a": "Dapsone + rifampicin, 6 months." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Clopidogrel.", "a": "P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist, antiplatelet." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Topoisomerase-2 inhibitor.", "a": "Etoposide - causes DNA strand breaks." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Mifepristone.", "a": "Antiprogestin; used with misoprostol for medical abortion." },
  { "q": "[OCT 2025] Stimulant purgatives.", "a": "Senna, bisacodyl - increase intestinal peristalsis." }
]